Water Distribution–Transportation Interface Connectivity Responding to Urban Geospatial Morphology
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 26, Issue 3
Abstract
Water distribution and transportation systems are geospatially colocated, forming a network of connections. This network of connections is referred to as an interface network. Investigation of interface network connectivity can help understand and minimize failure propagation from water to transportation systems. Water distribution–transportation interface networks consist of nodes, which can be either pipes or roads, and edges, which represent the geospatial colocation of a pipe and road. The purpose of this study is twofold: to topologically represent geospatial colocation by characterizing the connectivity of water distribution–transportation interface networks for multiple cities, and to identify the nodal attributes that are most predictive of a given connectivity profile. A total of forty interface networks from eight cities of varying geospatial morphology are extracted and analyzed using network analysis and machine learning. Using network analysis, we investigate whether the topological connectivity between water and transportation is consistent across different cities. Then we use a random forest model to ascertain which nodal attributes may have predictive power to identify the connectivity cluster of the city to which a node belongs. The results indicate that cities of different geospatial morphology may vary in their interface network connectivity, and the average shortest path length of a given node is the major nodal feature contributing to a given city’s interface network connectivity. These findings hold implications for urban planning and water distribution design to mitigate potential cascading failures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
•
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available in a repository online in accordance with funder data retention policies (“Water distribution-transportation interface network data”, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3381596)
•
All data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (generated interface networks, analaysis of variance, clustering, random forest, and feature extraction).
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1638301. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Preliminary results were orally presented at the AWRA GISX Conference in Orlando, Florida (April, 2018).
References
Abdel-Mottaleb, N., P. Ghasemi Saghand, H. Charkhgard, and Q. Zhang. 2019. “An exact multiobjective optimization approach for evaluating water distribution infrastructure criticality and geospatial interdependence.” Water Resour. Res. 55 (7): 5255–5276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024063.
Abdel-Mottaleb, N., and Q. Zhang. 2019. “Water distribution–transportation interface network data.” [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3381596.
Agafonkin, V. 2018. “Visualizing street orientations on an interactive map.” Accessed August 15, 2019. https://mourner.github.io/road-orientation-map/.
Ahern, J. 2011. “From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world.” Landscape Urban Plann. 100 (4): 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021.
Albanese, D., R. Visintainer, S. Merler, S. Riccadonna, G. Jurman, and C. Furlanello. 2012. “mlpy: Machine learning Python.” Preprint, submitted February 29, 2012. http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6548.
Alexander, C. 1977. A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bianconi, G. 2018. Multilayer networks: Structure and function. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Boccaletti, S., G. Bianconi, R. Criado, C. I. Del Genio, J. Gómez-Gardenes, M. Romance, I. Sendina-Nadal, Z. Wang, and M. Zanin. 2014. “The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks.” Phys. Rep. 544 (1): 1–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001.
Boeing, G. 2017. “Methods and measures for analyzing complex street networks and urban form.” Preprint, submitted August 2, 2017. http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00845.
Boeing, G. 2019. “Urban spatial order: Street network orientation, configuration, and entropy.” Configuration Entropy 4 (1): 67 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0189-1.
Breiman, L. 2001. “Random forests.” Machine Learn. 45 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324.
Breiman, L. 2002. Manual on setting up, using, and understanding random forests v3.1. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Breiman, L., J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. 1984. Classification and regression trees. New York: Wadsworth.
Buldyrev, S. V., R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley, and S. Havlin. 2010. “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks.” Nature 464 (7291): 1025. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08932.
Casalicchio, E., and E. Galli. 2008. “Metrics for quantifying interdependencies.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Critical Infrastructure Protection, 215–227. Berlin: Springer.
Cesar Jr., R. M., and L. da Fona Costa. 2009. Shape classification and analysis: Theory and practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Chen, A., B. Evans, A. Prior, S. Djordjevic, D. Savic, D. Butler, P. Goodey, J. R. Stevens, and G. Colclough. 2018. “Mapping urban infrastructure interdependencies and fuzzy risks.” Procedia Eng. 212 (Jan): 816–823.
Clauset, A., C. R. Shalizi, and M. E. Newman. 2009. “Power-law distributions in empirical data.” SIAM Rev. 51 (4): 661–703. https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111.
Contributors, O. 2012. OpenStreetMap. Accessed February 01, 2019. https://www.openstreetmap.org.
Danziger, M. M., L. M. Shekhtman, A. Bashan, Y. Berezin, and S. Havlin. 2016. Vulnerability of interdependent networks and networks of networks. Berlin: Springer.
Das, A., J. Banerjee, and A. Sen. 2014. “Root cause analysis of failures in interdependent power-communication networks.” In Proc., Military Communications Conf. (MILCOM), 2014 IEEE, 910–915. New York: IEEE.
Di Nardo, A., M. Di Natale, C. Giudicianni, R. Greco, and G. F. Santonastaso. 2018. “Complex network and fractal theory for the assessment of water distribution network resilience to pipe failures.” Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 18 (3): 767–777. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.124.
Doncheva, N. T., Y. Assenov, F. S. Domingues, and M. Albrecht. 2012. “Topological analysis and interactive visualization of biological networks and protein structures.” Nat. Protoc. 7 (4): 670. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.004.
Dueñas-Osorio, L., J. I. Craig, B. J. Goodno, and A. Bostrom. 2007. “Interdependent response of networked systems.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 13 (3): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2007)13:3(185).
Freeman, L. C., D. Roeder, and R. R. Mulholland. 1979. “Centrality in social networks: ii. Experimental results.” Soc. Networks 2 (2): 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(79)90002-9.
Gastner, M. T., and M. E. Newman. 2004. “Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 101 (20): 7499–7504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400280101.
Gillette, J., R. Fisher, J. Peerenboom, and R. Whitfield. 2002. Analyzing water/wastewater infrastructure interdependencies. Lemont, IL: Argonne National Lab.
Giudicianni, C., A. Di Nardo, M. Di Natale, R. Greco, G. Santonastaso, and A. Scala. 2018. “Topological taxonomy of water distribution networks.” Water 10 (4): 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040444.
Giustolisi, O., A. Simone, and L. Ridolfi. 2017. “Network structure classification and features of water distribution systems.” Water Resour. Res. 53 (4): 3407–3423. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020071.
Guidotti, R., H. Chmielewski, V. Unnikrishnan, P. Gardoni, T. McAllister, and J. van de Lindt. 2016. “Modeling the resilience of critical infrastructure: The role of network dependencies.” Sustainable Resilient Infrastr. 1 (3–4): 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2016.1254999.
Haimes, Y. Y., B. M. Horowitz, J. H. Lambert, J. R. Santos, C. Lian, and K. G. Crowther. 2005. “Inoperability input-output model for interdependent infrastructure sectors. I: Theory and methodology.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 11 (2): 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:2(67).
Johansen, C., and I. Tien. 2018. “Probabilistic multi-scale modeling of interdependencies between critical infrastructure systems for resilience.” Sustainable Resilient Infrastruct. 3 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1345253.
Kivelä, M., A. Arenas, M. Barthelemy, J. P. Gleeson, Y. Moreno, and M. A. Porter. 2014. “Multilayer networks.” J. Complex Networks 2 (3): 203–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016.
Kolaczyk, E. D. 2009. Statistical analysis of network data: Methods and models, 135. New York: Springer.
Korkali, M., J. G. Veneman, B. F. Tivnan, J. P. Bagrow, and P. D. Hines. 2017. “Reducing cascading failure risk by increasing infrastructure network interdependence.” Sci. Rep. 7 (Mar): 44499. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44499.
Li, M., D. Li, Y. Tang, F. Wu, and J. Wang. 2017. “Cytocluster: A cytoscape plugin for cluster analysis and visualization of biological networks.” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18 (9): 1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091880.
Louf, R., and M. Barthelemy. 2014. “A typology of street patterns.” J. R. Soc. Interface 11 (101): 20140924. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0924.
Mair, M., J. Zischg, W. Rauch, and R. Sitzenfrei. 2017. “Where to find water pipes and sewers?—On the correlation of infrastructure networks in the urban environment.” Water 9 (2): 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9020146.
Mapbox, L. 2018. “Mapbox studio.” Accessed August 20, 2019. https://www.mapbox.com/mapbox-studio/.
Meerow, S., J. P. Newell, and M. Stults. 2016. “Defining urban resilience: A review.” Landscape Urban Plann. 147 (Mar): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011.
Molnar, C. 2019. “Interpretable machine learning.” Accessed August 20, 2019. https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/.
Mueen, A., and E. Keogh. 2016. “Extracting optimal performance from dynamic time warping.” In Proc., 22nd ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2129–2130. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Newman, M. 2018. Networks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ouyang, M. 2014. “Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 121 (Jan): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.06.040.
Ouyang, M., and L. Dueñas-Osorio. 2011a. “An approach to design interface topologies across interdependent urban infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 96 (11): 1462–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.06.002.
Ouyang, M., and L. Dueñas-Osorio. 2011b. “Efficient approach to compute generalized interdependent effects between infrastructure systems.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 25 (5): 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000103.
Ouyang, M., L. Dueñas-Osorio, and X. Min. 2012. “A three-stage resilience analysis framework for urban infrastructure systems.” Struct. Saf. 36 (May): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.12.004.
Porta, S., P. Crucitti, and V. Latora. 2006. “The network analysis of urban streets: A primal approach.” Environ. Plann. B: Plann. Des. 33 (5): 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1068/b32045.
Quindry, G. E., J. C. Liebman, and E. D. Brill. 1981. “Optimization of looped water distribution systems.” J. Environ. Eng. Div. 107 (4): 665–679.
Rahnamay-Naeini, M., and M. M. Hayat. 2016. “Cascading failures in interdependent infrastructures: An interdependent Markov-chain approach.” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 7 (4): 1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2539823.
Reed, D. 2017. Water, security and US foreign policy. Oxford, UK: Taylor and Francis.
Rinaldi, S. M., J. P. Peerenboom, and T. K. Kelly. 2001. “Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies.” IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 21 (6): 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/37.969131.
Sitzenfrei, R., S. Fach, M. Kleidorfer, C. Urich, and W. Rauch. 2010. “Dynamic virtual infrastructure benchmarking: Dynavibe.” Water Sci. Technol. 10 (4): 600. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.188.
Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1962. “The comparison of dendrograms by objective methods.” Taxon 11 (2): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/1217208.
Soundarajan, S., T. Eliassi-Rad, and B. Gallagher. 2014. “A guide to selecting a network similarity method.” In Proc., 2014 SIAM Int. Conf. on Data Mining, 1037–1045. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Svendsen, N. K., and S. D. Wolthusen. 2007. “Connectivity models of interdependency in mixed-type critical infrastructure networks.” Inf. Security Tech. Rep. 12 (1): 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istr.2007.02.005.
Wang, W., S. Yang, H. E. Stanley, and J. Gao. 2019. “Local floods induce large-scale abrupt failures of road networks.” Nat. Commun. 10 (1): 2114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10063-w.
Winkler, J., L. Dueñas-Osorio, R. Stein, and D. Subramanian. 2011. “Interface network models for complex urban infrastructure systems.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 17 (4): 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000068.
Yang, S., K. Paik, G. S. McGrath, C. Urich, E. Krueger, P. Kumar, and P. S. C. Rao. 2017. “Functional topology of evolving urban drainage networks.” Water Resour. Res. 53 (11): 8966–8979. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021555.
Yazdani, A., and P. Jeffrey. 2010. “A complex network approach to robustness and vulnerability of spatially organized water distribution networks.” Preprint, submitted August 10, 2010. http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1770.
Yazdani, A., and P. Jeffrey. 2012. “Water distribution system vulnerability analysis using weighted and directed network models.” Water Resour. Res. 48 (6): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011897.
Zhang, X., E. Miller-Hooks, and K. Denny. 2015. “Assessing the role of network topology in transportation network resilience.” J. Transp. Geogr. 46 (Jun): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.05.006.
Zischg, J., C. Klinkhamer, X. Zhan, E. Krueger, S. Ukkusuri, P. Rao, W. Rauch, and R. Sitzenfrei. 2017. “Evolution of complex network topologies in urban water infrastructure.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 648–659. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 26 • Issue 3 • September 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 1, 2019
Accepted: Mar 17, 2020
Published online: Jun 5, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 5, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.