Preserving Key Topological and Structural Features in the Synthesis of Multilevel Electricity Networks for Modeling of Resilience and Risk
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 24, Issue 1
Abstract
Given the often-limited availability of real electricity network data, this paper presents methodology for the synthesis of multilevel electricity networks for use in applied network failure and risk analysis. The proposed algorithm is capable of producing networks that preserve a number of important spatial and topological properties of real-world networks including the multilevel structure of subsystems, the geographic distribution of network nodes, the node degree distribution, and the networks spatial connectivity. The algorithm is capable of integrating both synthetic and real data from a range of sources to produce spatially and topologically continuous representations. The flexibility of the algorithm is demonstrated through the synthesis of a regional-scale electricity network. The practicality of the algorithm, in terms of providing new data to conduct applied risk and resilience studies of interdependent infrastructures, is demonstrated through the synthesis of a unique representation of the national integrated electricity network for England and Wales, bridging the transmission, subtransmission, and distribution scales and consisting of more than 160,000 nodes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this paper was part of the U.K. Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under Programme Grant EP/I01344X/1. In addition, Scott Thacker would like to thank ARUP for additional funding of the research.
References
Albert, R., and Barabaśi, A. L. (1999). “Emergence of scaling in random networks.” Science, 286(5439), 509–512.
Albert, R., Jeong, H., and Barabaśi, A. L. (2000). “Error and attack tolerance of complex networks.” Nature, 406(6794), 378–382.
Aldous, D., and Shun, J. (2010). “Connected spatial networks over random points and a route length statistic.” Stat. Sci., 25(3), 275–288.
Barthelemy, M. (2011). “Spatial networks.” J. Physrep., 499(1–3), 1–101.
Bender, E. A., and Canfield, E. R. (1978). “The asymptotic number of labelled graphs with given degree sequences.” J. Comb. Theory Ser. A, 24(3), 296–307.
Buchholz, B. M., and Styczynski, Z. (2014). Smart grids—Fundamentals and technologies in electricity networks, Springer, New York.
Cotilla-Sanchez, E., Hines, P. D. H., Barrows, C., Blumsack, S. (2012). “Comparing the topological and electrical structure of the North American electrical power infrastructure.” IEEE Syst. J., 6(4), 616–626.
D’Agostino, G., and Scala, A. (2014). Networks of networks: The last frontier of complexity science. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
Davis, G. (1999). “The Auckland electricity supply disruption 1998: Emergency management aspects.” Aust. J. Emergency Manage., 13(4), 44–46.
DECC (Department of Energy and Climate Change). (2012). “Digest of UK energy statistics (DUKES).” London.
Dueñas-Osorio, L., Craig, J. I., Goodno, B. J., and Bostrom, A. (2007). “Interdependent response of networked systems.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 185–194.
ENA (Energy Networks Association). (2009). “Resilience to flooding of grid and primary substations.”, London.
ENW (Electricity North West). (2010). “Long term development statement.” Warrington, U.K.
Erdös, P., and Rényi, A. (1959). “On random graphs. I.” Publ. Math. Debrecen, 6, 290–297.
Ferretti, L., and Cortelezzi, M. (2011). “Preferential attachment in growing spatial networks.” Phys. Rev. E, 84(1), 016103.
Ganin, A. A., Massaro, E., Gutfraind, A., Steen, A., Keisler, J. M., Kott, A., Mangoubi, R., and Linkov, I. (2016). “Operational resilience: Concepts, design and analysis.” Sci. Rep., 6, 19540.
Gao, J., Barzel, B., and Barabasi, A. L. (2016). “Universal resilience patterns in complex networks.” Nature, 530(7590), 307–312.
Hines, P. D. H., Blumsack, S., and Schläpfer, M. (2015). “Centralized versus decentralized infrastructure networks.” ArXiv e-prints arXiv:1510.08792v1.
Johansson, J., and Hassel, H. (2010). “An approach for modelling interdependent infrastructures in the context of vulnerability analysis.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 95(12), 1335–1344.
Kivelä, M., Arenas, A., Barthelemy, M., Gleeson, J. P., Moreno, Y., and Porter, M. A. (2014). “Multilayer networks.” J. Complex Networks, 2(3), 203–271.
Lambert, J. H., and Sarda, P. (2005). “Risk identification by superposition of infrastructure and terrorist networks.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 211–220.
Lambert, J. H., Schulte, B. L., and Sarda, P. (2005). “Tracking the complexity of interactions between risk incidents and engineering systems.” Syst. Eng., 8(3), 262–277.
LaRocca, S., and Guikema, S. (2015). “Characterizing and predicting the robustness of power-law networks.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 133, 157–166.
LaViolette, R. A., Beyeler, W. E., Glass, R. J., Stamber, K. L., and Link, H. (2006). “Sensitivity of the resilience of congested networks to rolloff and offset in truncated power-law degree distributions.” Physica A, 368(1), 287–293.
Moini, N. (2016). “Modeling of risks threating infrastructures: System approach.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 04015010.
National Grid. (2012). “Electricity ten year statement, UK electricity transmission.” Warwick, U.K.
Newman, M. E. J. (2003). “The structure and function of complex networks.” SIAM Rev., 45(2), 167–256.
Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Networks: An introduction, Oxford University Press, New York.
Ordnance Survey. (2015). “OS mastermap topography.” Southampton, U.K.
Ouyang, M. (2014). “Review on modelling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 121, 43–60.
Pant, R., Thacker, S., Kelly, S., Hall, J. W., Barr, S., and Alderson, D. (2016). “The risk perspective: Risk of failure in interdependent infrastructure networks.” The future of national infrastructure: A system of systems approach, J. W. Hall, M. Tran, A. J. Hickford, and R. J. Nicholls, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Pitt, M. (2008). “The Pitt review: Learning lessons from the 2007 floods.” ⟨http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/pittreview/thepittreview/final_report.html⟩ (Sep. 18, 2017).
PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory). (2015). “The emerging interdependence of the electric power grid & information and communication technology.”, Richland, WA.
Rinaldi, S. M., Peerenboom, J. P., and Kelly, T. K. (2001). “Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies.” IEEE Control Syst., 21(6), 11–25.
Thacker, S., Pant, R., and Hall, J. W. (2014). “Characterizing the vulnerability of future configurations of Great Britain’s electricity network infrastructure to climate-related hazards.” 2nd Int. Conf. on Vulnerability, Uncertainty and Risk, ASCE, Reston, VA, 648–657.
Thacker, S., Pant, R., and Hall, J. W. (2017). “System-of-systems formulation and disruption analysis for multi-scale critical national infrastructures.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 167, 30–41.
U.S.–Canada Power System Outage Task Force. (2004). “Final report on the August 14th, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and recommendations.” U.S. Dept. of Energy and Canadian Dept. of Natural Resources, Washington, DC.
Wang, Z., Scaglione, A., and Thomas, R. J. (2010). “Generating statistically correct random topologies for testing smart grid communication and control networks.” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 1(1), 28–39.
Watts, D. J., and Strogatz, S. H. (1998). “Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks.” Nature, 393(6684), 440–442.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 24 • Issue 1 • March 2018
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 17, 2015
Accepted: Jun 12, 2017
Published online: Nov 22, 2017
Published in print: Mar 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 22, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.