Dimensions of Wastewater System Recovery Following Major Disruptions
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 23, Issue 2
Abstract
Following a major disaster or disruption, the restoration of infrastructure function is often tracked over time. For a more detailed understanding of the recovery process, this paper separates wastewater recovery into multiple service categories. Each service category is further defined by three distinct levels of service: normal, restricted, and no service provision. This proposed format of tracking system recovery allows the functionality to be defined in more detail than commonly presented metrics in the literature while still being conducive to data collection in the immediate recovery following major disruptions. The proposed methodology is applied to the February 22, 2011 Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquake wastewater system recovery. Through this case study, the complexity of wastewater system recovery is evinced along with the future potential for using the suggested breakdown of service and associated metrics. Future application is not restricted to postevent analyses, but also in guiding system recovery during actual events and in planning studies to assess the effectiveness of various redundancies and restoration strategies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
3 News. (2011). “Christchurch quake: Live updates.” 〈http://www.3news.co.nz〉 (Jun. 1, 2015).
Ayyub, B. M. (2014). “Systems resilience for multihazard environments: Definition, metrics, and valuation for decision making.” Risk Anal., 34(2), 340–355.
Bagheri, A., Darijani, M., Asgary, A., and Morid, S. (2010). “Crisis in urban water systems during the reconstruction period: A system dynamics analysis of alternative policies after the 2003 earthquake in Bam-Iran.” Water Resour. Manage., 24(11), 2567–2596.
Ballantyne, D. (2006). “Sri Lanka lifelines after the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.” Earthquake Spectra, 22(S3), 545–559.
Barr, N., Zeldis, J., Gongol, C., Drummond, L., and Scheuer, K. (2012). “Effects of the Canterbury earthquakes on Avon-Heathcote Estuary/Ihutai macroalgae.”, Environment Canterbury and Christchurch City Council, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Berryman, K. (2011). “A tale of two earthquakes—The Christchurch sequence of 2010–2011.” Proc., G-Ever1 Conf., Global Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption Risk Management, Tsukuba, Japan.
Blake-Manson, H. M., Lindgren, A., and Ewing, B. (2013). “Christchurch City wastewater infrastructure—Response assessments and repair techniques.” Water New Zealand Conf. 2013, Water New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Bouman, R., and Feary, J. (2011). “Benefits of thermophlic digestion at Christchurch wastewater treatment plant.” Water New Zealand Conf. 2011, Water New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Carne, S. (2012). “Infrastructure restoration and resilience after natural disasters—What can we learn from Christchurch, Pacific Island and Australian experiences?” Water New Zealand Conf. 2012, Water New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
CCC (Christchurch City Council). (2004). Wastewater management plan summary document, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CCC (Christchurch City Council). (2010). Overview map of waterwater mains, pump stations, pump station catchments, odour control sites & overflows in Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CCC (Christchurch City Council). (2011). Annual Rep. 2011, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CCC (Christchurch City Council). (2013). Wastewater strategy 2013, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CELG (Christchurch Engineering Lifelines Group). (1997). “Risks & realities: A multi-disciplinary approach to the vulnerability of lifelines to natural hazards.” Centre for Advanced Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Christison, M., Young, R., and Gibson, M. (2012). “Seismic performance of Christchurch wastewater treatment plant oxidation pond bunds.” INGENIUM: Rebuilding the Dream 21–23 June 2012, IPWEA NZ, Wellington, New Zealand.
Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M., and Bruneau, M. (2010). “Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience.” Eng. Struct., 32(11), 3639–3649.
Cimellaro, G. P., Solari, D., and Bruneau, M. (2014). “Physical infrastructure interdependency and regional resilience index after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(12), 1763–1784.
Cimellaro, G. P., Villa, O., and Bruneau, M. (2015). “Resilience-based design of natural gas distribution networks.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 05014005.
Craggs, R., Sutherland, D., and Campbell, H. (2012). “Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production.” J. Appl. Phycol., 24(3), 329–337.
Cubrinovski, M., et al. (2011). “Liquefaction impacts on pipe networks.” Recovery Project No. 6, Natural Hazards Research Platform, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Davis, C. A. (2014a). “Resiliency of water, wastewater, and inundation protection systems.” Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering, M. Beer, I. A. Kougioumtzoglou, E. Patelli, and I. S.-K. Au, eds., Springer, Berlin.
Davis, C. A. (2014b). “Water system service categories, post-earthquake interaction, and restoration strategies.” Earthquake Spectra, 30(4), 1487–1509.
Davis, C. A., O’Rourke, T. D., Adams, M. L., and Rho, M. A. (2012). “Case study: Los Angeles water services restoration following the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo.
Dueñas-Osorio, L., and Kwasinski, A. (2012). “Quantification of lifeline system interdependencies after the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Offshore Maule, Chile, earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra, 28(S1), S581–S603.
Edwards, C. (2005). “Preparing for disasters.” Public Works, 136(7), 47–48.
Eidinger, J., and Tang, A. (2012). “Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake sequence of Mw 7.1 September 04, 2010 Mw 6.3 February 22, 2011 Mw 6.0 June 13, 2011: Lifeline performance.” ASCE, Reston, VA.
Fujiki, O. (2009). “Management of the impact of earthquake on sewerage services.” U.S.–Japan Joint Conf. on Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control, U.S. Enironmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Giovinazzi, S., et al. (2011). “Lifelines performance and management following the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake, New Zealand: Highlights of resilience.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 44(4), 402–417.
Haas, J. E., Kates, R. W., and Bowden, M. J. (1977). Reconstruction following disaster, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Heather, B. (2011). Many lessons learnt, says post-quake boss, The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Henry, D., and Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. (2012). “Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 99, 114–122.
Kerr, M. (2013). “Resilient pump station design: Features of the new Christchurch pump stations.” Water New Zealand Conf. 2013, Water New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ladbrook, W. (2013). Infrastructure resilience: What does it mean for my agency/organisation? v2.2, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Liu, M., Giovinazzi, S., MacGeorge, R., and Beukman, P. (2013). “Wastewater network restoration following the Canterbury, NZ earthquake sequence: Turning post-earthquake recovery into resilience enhancement.” International efforts in lifeline earthquake engineering, C. A. Davis, X. Du, M. Miyajima, and L. Yan, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 160–167.
Love, T. (2011). Population movement after natural disasters: A literature review and assessment of Christchurch data, Sapere Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand.
McDonald, P., and Christison, M. (2011). “Christchurch earthquakes—Impact on infrastructre & services.” Auckland Engineering Lifelines Group Seminar 2011, Auckland Lifelines Group, Auckland, New Zealand.
McLean, I., Oughton, D., Ellis, S., Wakelin, B., and Rubin, C. B. (2012). “Review of the civil defence emergency management response to the 22 February Christchurch earthquake.” Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management, Wellington, New Zealand.
Noell, B., and Meek, R. (2012). “A day in the life of an earthquake sewer recovery operation.” 25th Annual Ingenium Conf., Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia, New Zealand.
Nojima, N., and Kato, H. (2013). “Application of an assessment model of post-earthquake lifeline serviceability to recent earthquakes in Japan.” International efforts in lifeline earthquake engineering. C. A. Davis, X. Du, M. Miyajima, and L. Yan, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 11–18.
Offer, G., Billings, I., and Scott, T. (2014). “Earthquake repairs at Christchurch WWTP—Clarifying the situation.” Water New Zealand Conf. 2014, Water New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Potangaroa, R., Wilkinson, S., Zare, M., and Steinfort, P. (2011). “The management of portable toilets in the eastern suburbs of Christchurch after the February 22, 2011 earthquake.” Aust. J. Disaster Trauma Stud., 2, 35–48.
Rai, K. D. K. (2011). “Analysis of the wastewater network rehabilitation following the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake.” 〈http://www.resorgs.org.nz〉 (Jun. 1, 2015).
Rossetto, T., Peiris, N., Pomonis, A., Wilkinson, S., Del Re, D., Koo, R., and Gallocher, S. (2007). “The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004: Observations in Sri Lanka and Thailand.” Natl. Hazards, 42(1), 105–124.
Scawthorn, C., Ono, Y., Iemura, H., Ridha, M., and Purwanto, B. (2006). “Performance of lifelines in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.” Earthquake Spectra, 22(S3), 511–544.
Stevenson, J. R., Kachali, H., Whitman, Z., Seville, E., Vargo, J., and Wilson, T. (2011). “Preliminary observations of the impacts the 22 February Christchurch earthquake had on organisations and the economy: A report from the field (22 February–22 March 2011).” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 44(2), 65.
The Press. (2011). What you need to know, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Tierney, K. J., and Webb, G. R. (2001). Business vulnerability to earthquakes and other disasters: Preliminary paper #320, Disaster Research Center, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Wareham, D. G., and Bourke, M. (2013). “The 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes: Impact on the liquid waste management system of Christchurch, New Zealand.” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst., 30(1), 1–14.
Zare, M. R. (2012). “The effects of earthquakes on wastewater pipelines in New Zealand: Evaluation and rehabilitation.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Zorn, C. R., and Shamseldin, A. Y. (2015). “Post-disaster infrastructure restoration: A comparison of events for future planning.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 13, 158–166.
Zorn, C. R., and Shamseldin, A. Y. (2016). “Quantifying directional dependencies from infrastructure restoration data.” Earthquake Spectra, in press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 23 • Issue 2 • June 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 12, 2015
Accepted: Jun 21, 2016
Published online: Aug 3, 2016
Discussion open until: Jan 3, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.