Abstract
Precise estimation of local head loss () remains a challenge for the hydraulic design of drip irrigation. This study develops a robust protocol for estimating the emitter based on the Borda-Carnot principle. The method requires cross-sectional flow area measurements with and without emitter obstruction and a contraction coefficient, which is determined by the empirical relationship of the obstruction ratio. For comparison purposes, cross-sectional flow areas were also measured with a profile projector, which resulted in absolute deviations lower than 2.6%. Observed and predicted single-emitter deviation values were consistent with previous studies; the three examined emitting pipe types had deviation values of , 21.6%, and 1.07%. Thus, the proposed methodology for estimating the cross-sectional area can be applied without compromising estimates using a single flat inline emitter operated by the proposed semiempirical model.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All models used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Brasil (CNPq) for the scholarships awarded. Undergraduate students were especially important in data acquisition, and the manufacturers for supplying emitting pipes.
References
Al-Amoud, A. I. 1995. “Significance of energy losses due to emitter connections in trickle irrigation lines.” J. Agric. Eng. Res. 60 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1995.1090.
Bagarello, V., V. Ferro, G. Provenzano, and D. Pumo. 1997. “Evaluating pressure losses in drip-irrigation lines.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 123 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:1(1).
Bernuth, R. D., and T. Wilson. 1989. “Friction factors for small diameter plastic pipes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 115 (2): 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:2(183).
Camargo, A. P., and P. C. Sentelhas. 1997. “Performance evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration estimating methods in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.” Rev. Bras. Agrometeorologia 5 (1): 89–97.
Flores, J. H. N., O. Rettore Neto, L. C. Faria, and L. C. Timm. 2017. “Estimation of the kinetic head coefficient (k) based on the geometric characteristics of emitter pipes.” Engenharia Agrícola 37 (6): 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v37n6p1091-1102/2017.
Gomes, A. W. A., J. A. Frizzone, O. Rettore Neto, and J. H. Miranda. 2010. “Perda de carga localizada em gotejadores integrados em tubos de polietileno.” Engenharia Agrícola 30 (3): 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162010000300008.
Gyasi-Agyei, Y. 2013. “A Bayesian approach for identifying drip emitter insertion head loss coefficients.” Biosyst. Eng. 116 (1): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.06.013.
Juana, L., L. Rodríguez-Sinobas, and A. Losada. 2002a. “Determining minor head losses in drip irrigation laterals. I: Methodology.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 128 (6): 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:6(376).
Juana, L., L. Rodríguez-Sinobas, and A. Losada. 2002b. “Determining minor head losses in drip irrigation laterals. II: Experimental study and validation.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 128 (6): 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:6(385).
Kell, G. S. 1975. “Density, thermal expansivity, and compressibility of liquid water from 0° to 150°: Correlations and tables for atmospheric pressure and saturation reviewed and expressed on the 1968 temperature scale.” J. Chem. Eng. Data 20 (1): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1021/je60064a005.
Neuhäuser, M. 2011. “Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test.” In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, edited by M. Lovric. Berlin: Springer.
Provenzano, G., and D. Pumo. 2004. “Experimental analysis of local pressure losses for micro irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 130 (4): 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2004)130:4(318).
Provenzano, G., D. Pumo, and P. M. Di Dio. 2005. “Simplified procedure to evaluate head losses in drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 131 (6): 525–532. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:6(525).
R Core Team. 2019. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rettore Neto, O., T. A. Botrel, J. A. Frizzone, M. F. Pinto, and A. P. Camargo. 2013. “Quantificação do erro na determinação da perda contínua de carga em tubos elásticos.” Engenharia Agrícola 33 (6): 1312–1321. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162013000600023.
Rettore Neto, O., J. A. Frizzone, J. H. Miranda, and T. A. Botrel. 2009a. “Perda de carga localizada em emissores não coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno.” Engenharia Agrícola 29 (1): 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162009000100004.
Rettore Neto, O., J. H. Miranda, J. A. Frizzone, and S. R. Workman. 2009b. “Local head loss of non-coaxial emitters inserted in polyethylene pipe.” Trans. ASABE 52 (3): 729–738. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.27394.
Wang, J., T. Yang, T. Wei, R. Chen, and S. Yuan. 2020. “Experimental determination of local head loss of non-coaxial emitters in thin-wall lay-flat polyethylene pipes.” Biosyst. Eng. 190 (Feb): 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.11.021.
Wang, Y., D. Zhu, L. Zhang, and S. Zhu. 2018. “Simulation of local head loss in trickle lateral lines equipped with in-line emitters based on dimensional analysis.” Irrig. Drain. 67 (4): 572–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2273.
Weast, R. C. 1989. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 1 • January 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 28, 2020
Accepted: Jul 31, 2020
Published online: Oct 29, 2020
Published in print: Jan 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Mar 29, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.