Combining Hydrologic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Evaluate Sustainability of Water Infrastructure
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 11
Abstract
Designing urban water infrastructure systems for environmental sustainability requires consideration of hydrologic performance design criteria and results from life cycle assessment (LCA). The objective of this paper is to present a study of merging hydrologic and LCA criteria into the evaluation of the environmental sustainability of rainwater harvesting (RWH) to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs). A case study of the City of Toledo, Ohio combined sewer system serves as the platform to investigate the two approaches and to compare RWH with centralized gray infrastructure strategies for controlling CSOs. Results show that the four RWH scenarios studied (two RWH-only: one to supply toilet flushing demand and the other to serve as extended detention; and two hybrids based on combining the two previous with gray infrastructure) delivered higher combined sewage volumes to wastewater treatment facilities compared to a gray infrastructure–only scenario. This resulted in elevated life cycle global warming potential (GWP) impacts (1.10 kg per of reduced CSOs) on average for the four RWH scenarios. The gray infrastructure–only scenario reduced GWP impacts because it included sewer separation leading to lowered amounts of combined sewage volume treated ( per of reduced CSOs). But, due to the untreated stormwater discharges to receiving waters, the gray infrastructure–only scenario led to a higher ecotoxicity water (ETW) impact [ comparative toxic unit for ecotoxicity (CTU eco) per of reduced CSOs] compared to the RWH scenarios ( CTU eco per of reduced CSOs on average). In conclusion, the new watershed-scale LCA framework led to more information on the CSO control strategies compared to hydrologic-only analysis, but it created a more complicated decision. Information from Toledo water stakeholders must be taken into account before nominating a scenario as the one that globally outperforms the others according the multi-hydrologic-LCA criteria.
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Data Availability Statement
Additional information on Phase 2’s subprojects, e.g., location, capacity and current status can be found at http://www.toledowaterwaysinitiative.com.
Acknowledgments
This paper summarizes the authors’ efforts as a part of the urban Water Infrastructures Sustainability Evaluation (uWISE) project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant Nos. CBET-1235855 and 1236660. The Global Change and Sustainability Center of the University of Utah also supported this research. The corresponding author appreciates the hospitability of the researchers of the Sustainability Engineering Lab at The University of Toledo and Centre for Water Systems at the University of Exeter where the ideas for this paper were discussed. The authors also would like to acknowledge the support of Andy Stepnick and David Selhorst from the City of Toledo for providing the authors with the required data.
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Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 11 • November 2018
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©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Mar 23, 2017
Accepted: May 7, 2018
Published online: Aug 23, 2018
Published in print: Nov 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2019
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