Abstract
Treated wastewater reuse (TWWR) offers a promising solution for farm crop and turf irrigation while also mitigating the environmental pressures resulting from effluent disposal in the environment. Most attention is devoted to ensuring that treatments are safe for human health. Nevertheless, the treatment may be incomplete or some pathogens resulting from biofilm development may be dispersed through the system. Therefore, end-users must take specific precautions and implement practices to prevent any unintended dispersal of contaminants transported by the water, in particular when using sprinkler irrigation practices. To generate data to evaluate dissemination hazards, and thereby facilitate risk calculation, a sprinkler was operated in (windy) field conditions and the wetted area drift as well as the transport of small particles downwind was measured within a perimeter 4 times the sprinkler range. The volumes collected at such distances on the ground and along the wind axis remained below , and below of vertical section, for winds of , and below 0.25 and of vertical section for winds of . The measurement method, based on the use of fluorescent dye, is proposed along with an empirical model that can be used to estimate the volumes of potentially contaminated water that can escape from the wetted zone under wind influence for the specific sprinkler used.
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Acknowledgments
This work was conducted within the framework of several projects commissioned by Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’Environnement et du travail (ANSES 2012) which were then continued within the framework of the MEDIWAT (Interreg Med 2G-MED09-262, 2010–2013), NOWMMA (AAP ECO-Industrie, 2011–2014, New Process for Optimizing Wastewater Reuse from Mauguio in Mediterranean Area in support of the French Reuse Directive) and Water4Crops (Water4Crops, 2012–2016 projet FP7 KBBE-2012-Call 6-311933) projects.
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© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 8, 2015
Accepted: Jan 29, 2016
Published online: May 3, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2016
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Agriculture
- Business management
- Chemical compounds
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Environmental engineering
- Irrigation
- Irrigation engineering
- Pollution
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Structural engineering
- Wastewater management
- Wastewater treatment
- Water and water resources
- Water pollution
- Water treatment
- Wind engineering
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