Application of Alkaline Phosphatase to Assess the Health of Oreochromis niloticus Exposed to Organophosphates and Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides In Vivo
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 26, Issue 4
Abstract
The most widely used pesticides for residential areas and agriculture purposes, which belong to the organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids, were evaluated in this study for their LC0 toxicity. In an aquatic environment, these pesticides are highly toxic to nontargeted organisms. Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) was selected for the bioassay tests due to its presence in the trophic levels and high bioaccumulation of the toxicants. This study evaluated the impact of pesticides on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes in the brain, gills, and muscles of O. niloticus. The fish were exposed to the LC0 concentrations of malathion (1.425 ppm), chlorpyrifos (0.125 ppm), and λ-cyhalothrin (0.0039 ppm) for 24 and 48 h. For biochemical assays, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and λ-cyhalothrin measurements were carried out using spectrophotometry. ALP activity in the brain and gills was elevated and showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05) at 24- and 48-h exposure, respectively. For the muscle tissues, a statistically important (p < 0.05) inhibition was recorded for the activity of ALP after 24- and 48-h treatments. The highest (+138%) and the lowest (+28%) enhancement in ALP activity were reported in the gills and brain tissues, which were treated with chlorpyrifos and malathion, respectively. The minimum and maximum reduction in ALP levels were noted in the 48- and 24-h malathion-treated muscle tissues, respectively. The data for the muscle tissue sample showed good consistency, because inhibition in ALP activity was noted. Therefore, the assessment of ALP activity in different organs and tissues in fish for the detection of chemical hazards in the environment is recommended. These findings confirmed that pesticides should be consistently monitored in the environment, to lower the pollutant stress on nontargeted organisms, especially fish, because the pesticides have a toxic effect on the health of aquatic organisms.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was ethically approved by the University of Karachi, Pakistan. We gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Dr. Mehreen Lateef, Assistant Professor at the Bahria University Medical and Dental College Karachi Pakistan. The research received funding from projects SARASWATI 2 “Identifying best available technologies for decentralized wastewater treatment and resource recovery for India and SLTKT20427” Sewage sludge treatment from heavy metals, emerging pollutants and recovery of metals by fungi and by and by University of Tartu Development fund PLTKT ARENG53 “Seenetüvede (sh hallitusseened) isoleerimine ja kasvatamine laboritingimustel geoloogilisse kangasse raskemetallide väärindamiseks reoveesettest.” The work was supported by the PASIFIC program GeoReco project funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 847639.
References
Abd-El-Razek, E. 1994. “Effect of herbicide ametryne on some biological aspects of the common carp.” M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Science, Zagazig Univ.
Agrahari, S., K. C. Pandey, and K. Gopal. 2007. “Biochemical alteration induced by monocrotophos in the blood plasma of fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch).” Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 88 (3): 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.01.001.
Al-Attar, A. M. 2005. “Biochemical effects of short-term cadmium exposure on the freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus.” J. Biol. Sci. 5 (3): 260–265. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2005.260.265.
Al-Sabti, K., and C. D. Metcalfe. 1995. “Fish micronuclei for assessing genotoxicity in water.” Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. 343 (2–3): 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(95)90078-0.
Amin, M., M. Yousuf, and N. Ahmad. 2021a. “Effects of pesticides on total protein content of different organs of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758).” Pak. J. Zool. 53: 1–4.
Amin, M., et al. 2022. “Cholinesterase activity as a potential biomarker for neurotoxicity induced by pesticides in vivo exposed Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) Assessment tool for organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids.” Environ. Technol. 43: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.2024276.
Amin, M., M. Yousuf, M. Attaullah, G. Nabi, I. D. Buneri, N. Ahmad, and Z. Khan. 2020. “Comparative acute toxicity of organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in vivo exposed fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758).” Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manage. 23 (3): 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2020.1816078.
Anwar, K. 2003. “Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide induces teratological and biochemical changes in young chick embryos.” Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 6 (19): 1698–1705. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.1698.1705.
Bacchetta, C., A. Rossi, A. Ale, M. Campana, M. J. Parma, and J. Cazenave. 2014. “Combined toxicological effects of pesticides: A fish multi-biomarker approach.” Ecol. Indic. 36: 532–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.09.016.
Barriga-Sosa, I. D. L. A., M. D. L. Jiménez-Badillo, A. L. Ibanez, and J. L. Arredondo-Figueroa. 2004. “Variability of tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) introduced in Mexico: Morphometric, meristic and genetic characters.” J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20 (1): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00445.x.
Bayne, B. L., D. A. Brown, K. Burns, D. R. Dixon, A. Ivanovici, D. R. Livingstone, and J. Widdows. 1985. The effects of stress and pollution on marine animals. New York: Praeger.
Beyer, J., M. Sandvik, K. Hylland, E. Fjeld, E. Egaas, E. Aas, J. U. Skåre, and A. Goksøyr. 1996. “Contaminant accumulation and biomarker responses in flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) exposed by caging to polluted sediments in Sørfjorden, Norway.” Aquat. Toxicol. 36 (1–2): 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00798-9.
Beyers, D. W., and P. J. Sikoski. 1994. “Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in federally endangered Colorado squawfish exposed to carbaryl and malathion.” Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 (6): 935–939. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130612.
Campana, M. A., A. M. Panzeri, V. J. Moreno, and F. N. Dulout. 1999. “Genotoxic evaluation of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin using the micronucleus test in erythrocytes of the fish Cheirodon interruptus interruptus.” Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 438 (2): 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00167-3.
Çavaş, T., and S. Ergene-Gözükara. 2005. “Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to petroleum refinery and chromium processing plant effluents.” Aquat. Toxicol. 74 (3): 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.06.001.
Chaudhry, A. S., and F. Jabeen. 2011. “Assessing metal, protein, and DNA profiles in Labeo rohita from the Indus River in Mianwali, Pakistan.” Environ. Monit. Assess. 174 (1–4): 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1486-4.
Dutta, H. M., and D. A. Arends. 2003. “Effects of endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile bluegill sunfish.” Environ. Res. 91 (3): 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00062-2.
Edwards, C. A. 1973. Environmental pollution by pesticide. London: Plenum Press.
El-Amin, A. I. M. 2002. “Physiological effects of pesticides on common carp, Cyprinus carpio.” M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Science, Cairo Univ.
El-Demerdash, F. M., M. I. Yousef, and K. S. Al-Salhen. 2003. “Protective effects of isoflavone on some biochemical parameters affected by cypermethrin in male rabbits.” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B 38 (3): 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1081/PFC-120019902.
Elezaby, M. M., S. El-Serafy, R. Heckmann, K. Sharf-Eldeen, and M. Seddek. 2001. “Effect of some toxicants on the fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus.” J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 36: 407–344.
El-Sayed, Y. S., T. T. Saad, and S. M. El-Bahr. 2007. “Acute intoxication of deltamethrin in monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus with special reference to the clinical, biochemical and haematological effects.” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 24 (3): 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.006.
Epstein, E., F. L. Kiechle, J. D. Artiss, and B. Zak. 1986. “The clinical use of alkaline phosphatase enzymes.” Clin. Lab. Med. 6 (3): 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30795-9.
Fouda, F. M., and M. A. Azab. 2003. “A comparative toxicological study on the effects of a biological and a chemical pesticides on the liver of Nile catfish, Clarias gariepinus.” J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 40: 105–120.
Gill, T. S., H. Tewari, and J. Pande. 1991. “In vivo and in vitro effects of cadmium on selected enzymes in different organs of the fish Barbus conchonius Ham. (rosy barb).” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Comp. Pharmacol. 100 (3): 501–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(91)90030-W.
Gill, T. S., H. Tewari, and J. Pande. 1992. “Short- and long-term effects of copper on the rosy barb (Puntius conchonius Ham.).” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 23 (3): 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(92)90079-I.
Goel, K. A., S. K. Tyagi, and A. K. Awasthi. 1982. “Effect of malathion on some haematological values in Heteropneustes fossilis.” Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 7: 259–261.
Hansen-Smith, F. M., L. H. Blackwell, and G. R. Joswiak. 1992. “Expression of muscle capillary alkaline phosphatase is affected by hypoxia.” J. Appl. Physiol. 73 (2): 776–780. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.2.776.
Hassanein, H. M. A. 1999. “Histopathological, histochemical and physiological studies on the effect of environmental pollution with the herbicides “Goal” on the liver and kidney of the Nile bolti “Oreochromis niloticus” in Sohag Governorate. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Science, South Valley Univ.
Hausamen, T. U., R. Helger, W. Rick, and W. Gross. 1967. “Optimal conditions for the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase by a new kinetic method.” Clin. Chim. Acta 15 (2): 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(67)90060-5.
Hilmy, A. M., M. B. Shabana, and A. Y. Daabees. 1985. “Effects of cadmium toxicity upon the in vivo and in vitro activity of proteins and five enzymes in blood serum and tissue homogenates of Mugil cephalus.” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Comp. Pharmacol. 81 (1): 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(85)90106-9.
Huculeci, R., D. Dinu, A. C. Staicu, M. C. Munteanu, M. Costache, and A. Dinischiotu. 2009. “Malathion-induced alteration of the antioxidant defence system in kidney, gill, and intestine of Carassius auratus gibelio.” Environ. Toxicol. 24 (6): 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20454.
Jyothi, B., and G. Narayan. 1999. “Certain pesticide-induced carbohydrate metabolic disorders in the serum of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.).” Food Chem. Toxicol. 37 (4): 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00020-4.
Karan, V., S. Vitorović, V. Tutundžić, and V. Poleksić. 1998. “Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery.” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 40 (1–2): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1641.
Khan, M. S. 1998. “Pakistan crop protection market.” PAPA Bull. 9: 7–9.
Köprücü, K., and R. Aydın. 2004. “The toxic effects of pyrethroid deltamethrin on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) embryos and larvae.” Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 80 (1): 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.05.004.
Kumar, A., B. Sharma, and R. S. Pandey. 2011. “Assessment of acute toxicity of λ-cyhalothrin to a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus.” Environ. Chem. Lett. 9: 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0244-8.
McCarthy, J. F., R. S. Halbrook, and L. R. Shugart. 1991. Conceptual strategy for design, implementation, and validation of a biomarker-based biomonitoring capability. No. ORNL/TM-11783. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Mishra, R., and S. P. Shukla. 2003. “Endosulfan effects on muscle malate dehydrogenase of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus.” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 56 (3): 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00006-X.
Mohamed, F. A. 2009. “Histopathological studies on Tilapia zillii and Solea vulgaris from Lake Qarun, Egypt.” World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 1: 29–39.
Okechukwu, E. O., and J. Auta. 2007. “The effects of sub-lethal doses of lambda-cyhalothrin on some biochemical characteristics of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus.” J. Biol. Sci. 7 (8): 1473–1477. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2007.1473.1477.
Öner, M., G. Atli, and M. Canli. 2008. “Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures.” Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 (2): 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-281R.1.
Pilo, B., M. V. Asnani, and R. V. Shah. 1972. “Studies on wound healing and repair in pigeon. III-histochemical studies on acid and alkaline phosphatase activity during the process.” J. Anim. Morphol. Physiol. 19: 205.
Pimentel, D., H. Acquay, M. Biltonen, P. Rice, M. Silva, J. Nelson, and M. D’amore. 1993. “Assessment of environmental and economic impacts of pesticide use.” In The pesticide question, edited by D. Pimentel and H. Lehman, 47–84. Boston: Springer.
Pruessner, H. T. 1998. “Detecting celiac disease in your patients.” Am. Fam. Physician 57 (5): 1023–1034.
Qiu, X., S. Nomichi, K. Chen, M. Honda, I. J. Kang, Y. Shimasaki, and Y. Oshima. 2017. “Short-term and persistent impacts on behaviors related to locomotion, anxiety, and startle responses of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) induced by acute, sublethal exposure to chlorpyrifos.” Aquat. Toxicol. 192: 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.012.
Rao, J. V. 2006. “Sublethal effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus.” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 143 (4): 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.05.001.
Rao, P. 1990. “Histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of a fresh water fish exposed to heptachlor.” J. Nat. Conserv. 2 (2): 133–137.
Ravel, R. 1995. Clinical laboratory medicine: Clinical application of laboratory data. 6th ed., 309–330. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.
Rodan, G. A., and S. B. Rodan. 1984. Advances in bone and mineral research annual II. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Sakr, S. A., S. M. Hanafy, and N. E. El-Desouky. 2002. “Histopathological, histochemical and physiological studies on the effect of the insecticide, “hostathion” on the liver of the catfish Clarias gariepinus.” Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish. 6 (2): 103–123. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2002.1742.
Severn, D. J., and G. Ballard. 1990. Risk/benefit and regulations. Pesticides in the soil environment: Processes, impacts and modeling, 467–491. Book Series No. 2. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Sharafeldin, K., H. Abdel-Gawad, E. Ramzy, M. Sweilum, and M. Nagy. 2015. “Harmful impact of profenofos on the physiological parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.” Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 4 (1): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v4i1.3832.
Sharma, U., D. Pal, and R. Prasad. 2014. “Alkaline phosphatase: An overview.” Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 29 (3): 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0408-y.
Shen, M. F., A. Kumar, S. Y. Ding, and S. Grocke. 2012. “Comparative study on the toxicity of pyrethroids, α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin to Ceriodaphnia dubia.” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 78: 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.018.
Smith, T. M., and G. W. Stratton. 1986. “Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms.” In Residue reviews, edited by F. A. Gunther, 93–120. New York: Springer.
Sturm, A., H. D. S. De Assis, and P. D. Hansen. 1999. “Cholinesterases of marine teleost fish: Enzymological characterization and potential use in the monitoring of neurotoxic contamination.” Mar. Environ. Res. 47 (4): 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00127-5.
Turgut, C., H. Ornek, and T. J. Cutright. 2011. “Determination of pesticide residues in Turkeys table grapes: The effect of integrated pest management organic farming, and conventional farming.” Environ. Monit. Assess. 173 (1–4): 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1389-4.
Vainio, H. 1995. “Molecular approaches in toxicology: Change in perspective.” J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37 (1): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199501000-00003.
Van der Oost, R., J. Beyer, and N. P. Vermeulen. 2003. “Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: A review.” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 13 (2): 57–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6.
Van Gestel, C. A. M., and T. C. Van Brummelen. 1996. “Incorporation of the biomarker concept in ecotoxicology calls for a redefinition of terms.” Ecotoxicology 5 (4): 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118992.
Velíšek, J., J. Jurčíková, R. Dobšíková, Z. Svobodová, V. Piačková, J. Máchová, and L. Novotný. 2007. “Effects of deltamethrin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 23 (3): 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.11.006.
Wheeler, W. B. (Ed.). 2002. Pesticides in agriculture and the environment. New York: M. Dekker.
Wuthier, R. E. 1985. “Role of alkaline phosphatase, a polyfunctional enzyme, in mineralizing tissues.” In The chemistry and biology of mineralized tissues, edited by W. T. Butler, 113–124, Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 26 • Issue 4 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 17, 2022
Accepted: May 11, 2022
Published online: Jul 21, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 21, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Ali Athamena, Aissam Gaagai, Hani Amir Aouissi, Juris Burlakovs, Selma Bencedira, Ivar Zekker, Andrey E. Krauklis, Chemometrics of the Environment: Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater in Lioua Plain (North Africa) Using Time Series and Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Sustainability, 10.3390/su15010020, 15, 1, (20), (2022).
- Maninder Singh, Babita Saini, Chalak Hanuman Devidas, Effect of stone slurry powder waste and low-cost fibers on strength, electrical resistivity, permeability, and ecological performance of engineered cementitious composite, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10.1007/s12517-022-11018-0, 15, 23, (2022).