Effect of Calcined Limestone on the Performance of Roughing Filter for Turbidity Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25, Issue 3
Abstract
Malaysia is considered as a major palm oil producer in the world. Therefore, it is vital to utilize an environmentally friendly and inexpensive method to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) in Malaysia. Nowadays, the use of natural absorbent to remove pollutants from POME has gained remarkable attention. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect of calcinated limestone on turbidity removal and analyze the removal rate of pollution of POME. A column studies was conducted using different particle size of limestone (4, 12, and 20 mm), raw and calcinated at 800°C and 600°C at filtration rates of 20, 60, and 100 mL/min. An experimental model was conducted using central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). According to analysis of 3D surface respondents, the first optimum condition was at 800°C with 2 h of calcination time, flow rate of 20 mL/min, and limestone size of 4 mm. The second optimum condition was calcinated limestone at 600°C using a lower flow rate and smaller size of calcined limestone (CLS). The first and the second optimum conditions achieved turbidity removal of 68% and 62%, respectively, both of which outperform raw limestone with removal rate of 55%. Equilibrium isotherms in this study were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that adsorption isotherm data is more fit to the Langmuir isotherm, with 0.95 R2 compared with 0.85 R2 for the Freundlich isotherm at 800°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research, which is part of the Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, was awarded the USM Short-Term Grant (Grant No. 304/ PAWAM/60311001).
References
Ahmed, M. B., J. L. Zhou, H. H. Ngo, W. Guo, N. S. Thomaidis, and J. Xu. 2017. “Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: A critical review.” J. Hazard. Mater. 323: 274–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045.
Ahmed, Y., Z. Yaakob, P. Akhtar, and K. Sopian. 2015. “Production of biogas and performance evaluation of existing treatment processes in palm oil mill effluent (POME).” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 42: 1260–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.073.
Aksu, Z. 2005. “Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review.” Process Biochem. 40 (3–4): 997–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.04.008.
APHA/AWWA/WPCF (American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Pollution Control Federation). 2005. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: APHA/AWWA/WPCF.
Aziz, H. A., M. N. Adlan, and K. S. Ariffin. 2008. “Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr(III)) removal from water in Malaysia: Post treatment by high quality limestone.” Bioresour. Technol. 99: 1578–1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.007.
Aziz, S. Q., H. A. Aziz, M. S. Yusoff, and M. J. Bashir. 2011. “Landfill leachate treatment using powdered activated carbon augmented sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process: Optimization by response surface methodology.” J. Hazard. Mater. 189: 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.052.
Azizian, S., S. Eris, and L. D. Wilson. 2018. “Re-evaluation of the century-old Langmuir isotherm for modeling adsorption phenomena in solution.” Chem. Phys. 513: 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.06.022.
Bakar, S. N. H. A., H. A. Hasan, A. W. Mohammad, S. R. S. Abdullah, T. Y. Haan, R. Ngteni, and K. M. M. Yusof. 2018. “A review of moving-bed biofilm reactor technology for palm oil mill effluent treatment.” J. Cleaner Prod. 171: 1532–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.100.
Balarak, D., Mostafapour, F. K., Azarpira, H., and Joghataei, A. 2017. “Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin- radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of ampicilin unto montmorillonite nanoparticles.” J. Pharm. Res. Int. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2017/38056.
Bashir, M. J., J. H. Lim, S. S. A. Amr, L. P. Wong, and Y. L. Sim. 2019. “Post treatment of palm oil mill effluent using electro-coagulation-peroxidation (ECP) technique.” J. Cleaner Prod. 208: 716–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.073.
Bhatti, M. S., D. Kapoor, R. K. Kalia, A. S. Reddy, and A. K. Thukral. 2011. “RSM and ANN modeling for electrocoagulation of copper from simulated wastewater: Multi objective optimization using genetic algorithm approach.” Desalination 274 (13–3): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.083.
Cai, J., S. Wang, and C. Kuang. 2017. “A modified random pore model for carbonation reaction of CaO-based limestone with CO2 in different calcination-carbonation cycles.” Energy Procedia 105: 1924–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.561.
Chan, Y. J., and M. F. Chong. 2019. “Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment—Current technologies, biogas capture and challenges.” In Green technologies for the oil palm industry, edited by D. Foo and M. Tun Abdul Aziz, 71–92. Singapore: Springer.
Chen, L., C. Wang, Z. Wang, and E. J. Anthony. 2017. “The kinetics and pore structure of sorbents during the simultaneous calcination/sulfation of limestone in CFB.” Fuel 208: 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.018.
Chen, L. J., J. He, J. Q. Chao, and B. D. Qin. 2009. “Swelling and breaking characteristics of limestone under high temperatures.” Min. Sci. Technol. 19: 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1674-5264(09)60094-6.
Choong, Y. Y., K. W. Chou, and I. Norli. 2018. “Strategies for improving biogas production of palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic digestion: A critical review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 82: 2993–3006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.036.
Cleary, S. A. 2005. “Sustainable drinking water treatment for small communities using multistage slow sand filtration.” UWSpace. Accessed March 3, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/926.
Dai, P., B. González, and J. S. Dennis. 2016. “Using an experimentally-determined model of the evolution of pore structure for the calcination of cycled limestones.” Chem. Eng. J. 304: 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.068.
Dashti, A. F., H. A. Aziz, M. N. Adlan, and A. H. Ibrahim. 2019. “Calcined limestone horizontal roughing filter for treatment of palm oil mill effluent polishing pond.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (10): 6419–6430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02467-4.
Dashti, A. F., H. A. Aziz, A. H. Ibrahim, and M. A. Zahed. 2020. “Suspended solid removal of palm oil mill effluent using horizontal roughing filter and calcinated limestone.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 231 (8): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04755-z.
Farrajia, H., N. Q. Zamana, S. K. M. Sa'ata, and A. F. Dashtia. 2017. “Phytoremediation of suspended solids and turbidity of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Ipomea aquatica.” Eng. Heritage J. 1 (1): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2017.36.40.
Fereidonian Dashti, A., M. N. Adlan, H. Abdul Aziz, and A. H. Ibrahim. 2018. “Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from palm oil mill wastewater using limestone roughing filter.” J. Appl. Res. Water Wastewater 5 (1): 411–416. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2018.892.
Garritano, A. N., M. de Oliveira Faber, L. R. De Sá, and V. S. Ferreira-Leitão. 2018. “Palm oil mill effluent (POME) as raw material for biohydrogen and methane production via dark fermentation.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 92: 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.031.
Ghafari, S., H. A. Aziz, M. H. Isa, and A. A. Zinatizadeh. 2009. “Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation-flocculation treatment of leachate using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum.” J. Hazard. Mater. 163 (23–3): 650–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.090.
Hay, J. X. W., T. Y. Wu, C. Y. Teh, and J. M. Jahim. 2012. “Optimized growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides using response surface methodology (RSM).” J. Sci. Ind. Res. 71: 149–154.
Hossain, M. S., F. Omar, A. J. Asis, R. T. Bachmann, M. Z. I. Sarker, and M. O. Ab Kadir. 2019. “Effective treatment of palm oil mill effluent using FeSO4·7H2O waste from titanium oxide industry: Coagulation adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies.” J. Cleaner Prod. 219: 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.069.
Hosseini, S. M., and H. A. Aziz. 2013. “Evaluation of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic condition in rice straw composting process enhancement.” Bioresour. Technol. 133: 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.098.
Huang, D., C. Hu, G. Zeng, M. Cheng, P. Xu, X. Gong, R. Wang, and W. Xue. 2017. “Combination of Fenton processes and biotreatment for wastewater treatment and soil remediation.” Sci. Total Environ. 574: 1599–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.199.
Hussain, S., Aziz, H. A., Isa, M. H., Ahmad, A., Leeuwen, J. V., Zou, L., Beecham, S., and Umar, M. 2011. “Orthophosphate removal from domestic wastewater using limestone and granular activated carbon.” J. Desalination. 271 (1): 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.046.
Ibrahim, A. H., I. Dahlan, M. N. Adlan, and A. F. Dashti. 2013. “Post-treatment of palm oil mill effluent from a polishing pond using a limestone horizontal roughing filter.” Caspian J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2 (2): 112–119.
Isa, M. H., L. S. Lang, F. A. Asaari, H. A. Aziz, N. A. Ramli, and J. P. A. Dhas. 2007. “Low cost removal of disperse dyes from aqueous solution using palm ash.” Dyes and Pigm. 74 (2): 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.02.025.
Kavosh, M., K. Patchigolla, J. E. Oakey, E. J. Anthony, S. Champagne, and R. Hughes. 2015. “Pressurised calcination–atmospheric carbonation of limestone for cyclic CO2 capture from flue gases.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 102: 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.06.024.
Keong, C. W. 2012. “Treatment of semi aerobic leachate by calcinated limestone.” M.Sc thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Universiiysains Malaysia.
Khazaei, M., R. Nabizadeh, A. H. Mahvi, H. Izanloo, R. Ansari Tadi, and F. Gharagazloo. 2016. “Nitrogen and phosphorous removal from aerated lagoon effluent using horizontal roughing filter (HRF).” Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (12): 5425–5434. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.1003100.
Khezri, S. M., G. Majidi, H. Jafari Mansoorian, M. Ansari, F. Atabi, T. Tohidi Mogaddam, and N. Rashtchi. 2015. “Efficiency of horizontal roughing filter in removing nitrate, phosphate and chemical oxygen demand from effluent of waste stabilization pond.” Environ. Health Eng. Manage. J. 2 (2): 87–92.
Kilic, O. 2014. “Application of ultrasonic velocity measurement and thermal analysis for determination of limestone quality.” J. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 50 (2): 525–534. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp140209.
Kopf, M., H. Muler, and B. Gottesmann. 1985. “Correlation between pyroxene content and Vp and Vs under high pressure.” In Physical properties of the mineral system of the earth’s interior, edited by A. Kapicka, V. Kropacek, and Z. Pros, 168–172. Prague: Union of Czechoslovak Mathematical Physics.
Liew, W. L., M. A. Kassim, K. Muda, S. K. Loh, and A. C. Affam. 2015. “Conventional methods and emerging wastewater polishing technologies for palm oil mill effluent treatment: A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 149: 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.016.
Lin, E., D. Page, and P. Pavelic. 2008. “A new method to evaluate polydisperse kaolinite clay particle removal in roughing filtration using colloid filtration theory.” Water Res. 42 (3): 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.018.
Mistoro, N. H., and S. P. Saraswati. 2019. “Design and modification of horizontal-flow roughing filter as water treatment at UGM retention pond.” In Vol. 76 of Proc., E3S Web of Conf. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences.
Mushila, C. N., G. M. Ochieng, F. A. O. Otieno, S. M. Shitote, and C. W. Sitters. 2016. “Hydraulic design to optimize the treatment capacity of multi-stage filtration units.” Phys. Chem. Earth 92: 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.10.015.
Nkwonta, O. 2010. “A comparison of horizontal roughing filters and vertical roughing filters in wastewater treatment using gravel as a filter media.” Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5 (8): 1240–1247.
Nkwonta, O., and G. Ochieng. 2009. “Roughing filter for water pre-treatment technology in developing countries: A review.” Int. J. Phys. Sci. 4 (9): 455–463.
Noordin, M. Y., V. C. Venkatesh, S. Sharif, S. Elting, and A. Abdullah. 2004. “Application of response surface methodology in describing the performance of coated carbide tools when turning AISI 1045 steel.” J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 145 (1): 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00861-6.
Nwuche, C. O., H. Aoyagi, and J. C. Ogbonna. 2014. “Treatment of palm oil mill effluent by a microbial consortium developed from compost soils.” Int. Scholarly Res. Not. 2014: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/762070.
Ochieng, G. M., and F. A. O. Otieno. 2006. “Verification of Wegelin\'s design criteria for horizontal flow roughing filters (HRFs) with alternative filter material.” Water SA 32 (1): 105–109.
Ohimain, E. I., and S. C. Izah. 2017. “A review of biogas production from palm oil mill effluents using different configurations of bioreactors.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 70: 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.221.
Okeola, F. O., and E. O. Odebunmi. 2010. “Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms parameters for adsorption of methylene blue by activated carbon derived from agrowastes.” ANAS 4 (3): 281–289.
Ölmez, T. 2009. “The optimization of Cr (VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology.” J. Hazard. Mater. 162 (2): 1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.017.
Pambi, R., and P. Musonge. 2016. “Application of response surface methodology (RSM) in the treatment of final effluent from the sugar industry using Chitosan.” WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 209: 209–219.
Poh, P. E., W. J. Yong, and M. F. Chong. 2010. “Palm oil mill effluent (POME) characteristic in high crop season and the applicability of high-rate anaerobic bioreactors for the treatment of POME.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (22): 11732–11740. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101486w.
Ramezani, M., P. Tremain, E. Doroodchi, and B. Moghtaderi. 2017. “Determination of carbonation/calcination reaction kinetics of a limestone sorbent in low CO2 partial pressures using TGA experiments.” Energy Procedia 114: 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1168.
Rana, S., L. Singh, Z. Wahid, and H. Liu. 2017. “A recent overview of palm oil mill effluent management via bioreactor configurations.” Curr. Pollut. Rep. 3 (4): 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-017-0068-2.
Ratpukdi, T. 2012. “Decolorization of anaerobically treated palm oil mill wastewater using combined coagulation and vacuum ultraviolet-hydrogen peroxide.” Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl. 3: 333–336. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2012.V3.212.
Saeed, M. O., K. Azizli, M. H. Isa, and M. J. Bashir. 2015. “Application of CCD in RSM to obtain optimize treatment of POME using Fenton oxidation process.” J. Water Process Eng. 8: e7–e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.11.001.
Samudro, G., and S. Mangkoedihardjo. 2010. “Review on BOD, COD and BOD/COD ratio: A triangle zone for toxic, biodegradable and stable levels.” Int. J. Acad. Res. 2 (4): 235–239.
Sohn, S., and D. Kim. 2005. “Modification of Langmuir isotherm in solution systems—Definition and utilization of concentration dependent factor.” Chemosphere 58 (1): 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.091.
Toprak, G. 2007. “Characteristics of limes produced from marbles and limestiones.” Master's thesis, Material Dept., İzmir Institute of Technology.
Wang, G., Z. Wen, G. Lou, R. Dou, X. Li, X. Liu, and F. Su. 2016. “Mathematical modeling and combustion characteristic evaluation of a flue gas recirculation iron ore sintering process.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 97: 964–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.02.087.
Wegelin, M. 1996. Surface water treatment by roughing filters: A design, construction and operation manual. SANDEC Rep. St. Gallen, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management.
Yao, K. M., M. T. Habibian, and C. R. O'Melia. 1971. “Water and waste water filtration. Concepts and applications.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 5 (11): 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60058a005.
Zainal, N. H., N. F. Jalani, R. Mamat, and A. A. Aziz. 2017. “A review on the development of palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge polishing treatments.” J. Oil Palm Res. 29 (4): 528–540. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017.00012.
Zakaria, S. N. F. B. 2013. “Peat water treatment using Limestone and Natural Zeolite.” M.Sc thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Zeng, J., S. Chen, K. Wan, J. Li, D. Hu, S. Zhang, and X. Yu. 2020. “Study of biological up-flow roughing filters designed for drinking water pretreatment in rural areas: Using ceramic media as filter material.” Environ. Technol. 41 (10): 1256–1265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1530304.
Zhang, W., Q. Sun, S. Zhu, and B. Wang. 2017. “Experimental study on mechanical and porous characteristics of limestone affected by high temperature.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 110: 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.194.
Zhong, J., X. Zhang, Y. Ren, J. Yang, H. Tan, and J. Zhou. 2014. “Optimization of Bacillus subtilis cell growth effecting jiean-peptide production in fed batch fermentation using central composite design.” Electron. J. Biotechnol. 17: 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.04.010.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25 • Issue 3 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 9, 2020
Accepted: Feb 8, 2021
Published online: Apr 7, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 7, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti, Nur Anis Syazmin Salman, Rohana Adnan, Mohammad Ali Zahed, Palm oil mill effluent treatment using combination of low cost chickpea coagulant and granular activated carbon: Optimization via response surface methodology, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100709, 16, (100709), (2022).
- Promise Chima Ubah, Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti, Mardiana Saaid, Saifullahi Shehu Imam, Rohana Adnan, Fabrication and response optimization of Moringa oleifera-functionalized nanosorbents for the removal of diesel range organics from contaminated water, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10.1007/s11356-022-22245-z, 30, 2, (4462-4484), (2022).