Beneficial Use of Steel Slag Fines to Immobilize Arsenite and Arsenate: Slag Characterization and Metal Thresholding Studies
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 15, Issue 3
Abstract
This study presents the results of an extensive beneficial-use evaluation of -in. minus steel slag fines (SSF) to immobilize arsenic. Two primary sets of experiments were undertaken to assess (1) the ability of SSF to immobilize arsenite () and arsenate () in dredged material when blended with SSF, including slag cement doses (up to 2%) to determine if additional environmental polishing was necessary; and (2) the ability of SSF alone to immobilize each species. Visually, the SSF materials resemble an AASHTO No. 9 (fine) aggregate, with a small fraction passing the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve. In order to establish the design parameters for deploying the slag media in geoenvironmental applications (soil blending, drainage, reactive trenches, and filters), the soil classification and grain-size distribution, specific gravity, loss on ignition (ash content), standard and modified Proctor compaction behavior, direct shear strength, and swell behavior of the SSF media were evaluated. Additionally, the following geochemical attributes of the SSF media were evaluated: bulk chemistry, mineralogy, pH, anion scan, total priority pollutant list (PPL) metals, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) leaching behavior for PPL metals. Arsenic thresholding studies were performed, in which the uptake of each source on the SSF materials was evaluated. The SSF materials immobilized approximately and , producing TCLP and SPLP concentrations less than in three of four cases. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were used in combination with MINTEQ modeling to isolate the mechanisms responsible for the immobilization in the SSF materials.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The Maryland Port Administration (Baltimore) provided the resources and the dredged material to support this research under contract UNSPECIFIED270025-S-1 “Innovative Reuse of Dredged Material” to Schnabel Engineering (West Chester, Pennsylvania), the prior affiliation for Drs. Grubb and Malasavage. Mr. Frank Hamons and Mr. Bill Lear (MPA) are thanked for their support and involvement. The SSF materials and slag cement (NewCem) were provided by Phoenix Services, LLC (Terry Wagaman) and LaFarge North America (Jeff Fair), respectively. Maryland Environmental Services (MES) facilitated collection of the DM from the Cox Creek DMCF. MES also furnished the anion scan data (Table 1) and alkaline digestion and chromium isotope results (Table 6) for the chromium(VI) analyses on the DM and SSF materials. Additional analytical data were furnished by Fredericktowne Labs, Inc. (Tables 4, 5, and 7) and Test America (Table 9). Dr. Berton Greenberg of the Stevens Institute provided assistance with the SEM-EDX work, and Fernando Bermudez provide miscellaneous soil testing support. Dr. D. H. Moon (Chosun University) performed the XANES analyses at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, South Korea, in cooperation with Dr. Min Gyu Kim. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.
References
Akhter, H., Cartledge, F. K., Roy, A., and Tittlebaum, M. E. (1997). “Solidification/stabilization of arsenic salts: Effects of long cure times.” J. Hazard. Mater., 52(2-3), 247–264.
ASTM. (1985). “Standard practice for dry preparation of soil samples for particle-size analysis and determination of soil constants.” D421-85, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1998). “Standard test method for particle size analysis of soils.” D422-63, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2000a). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort.” D1557-00, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2000b). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort.” D698-04, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2000c). “Standard test methods for moisture, ash, and organic matter of peat and other organic soils.” D2974-00, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2002). “Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pyncnometer.” D854-02, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions.” D3080-04, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2005). “Standard test method for CBR (California bearing ratio) of laboratory-compacted soils.” D1883-05, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” D2487-06, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bothe, J. V., Jr., and Brown, P. W. (1999). “The stabilities of calcium arsenates at .” J. Hazard. Mater., B69, 197–207.
Chaurand, P., et al. (2007). “Environmental impacts of steel slag reused in road construction: A crystallographic and molecular (XANES) approach.” J. Hazard. Mater., B139(3), 537–542.
David, S. B., and Allison, J. D. (1999). Minteqa2, an equilibrium metal speciation model: User’s manual 4.01, Environmental Research Lab., U.S. EPA, Athens, GA.
Dutre, V., and Vandecasteele, C. (1995). “Solidification/stabilization of arsenic-containing waste: Leach tests and behavior of arsenic in the leachate.” Waste Manage., 15(1), 55–62.
Geelhoed, J. S., et al. (2002). “Identification and geochemical modeling of processes controlling leaching of Cr(VI) and other major elements from chromite ore processing residue.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3927–3942.
Geiseler, J. (1996). “Use of steelworks slag in Europe.” Waste Manage., 16(1–3), 59–63.
Grubb, D. G., Cadden, A. W., and Miller, D. M. (2008a). “Crushed glass-dredged material (CG-DM) blends: Role of organic matter content and DM variability on field compaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(11), 1665–1675.
Grubb, D. G., Chrysochoou, M., Smith, C. J., and Malasavage, N. E. (2010). “Stabilized dredged material I: A parametric study.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(8), 1011–1024.
Grubb, D. G., Davis, A., Sands, S. C., Carnivale, M., III, Wartman, J., and Gallagher, P. M. (2006a). “Field evaluation of crushed glass-dredged material blends.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(5), 577–590.
Grubb, D. G., Davis, A., Sands, S. C., Carnivale, M., III, Wartman, J., and Gallagher, P. M. (2007a). “Errata for: Field evaluation of crushed glass-dredged material blends.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(1), 127–128.
Grubb, D. G., Gallagher, P. M., Wartman, J., Liu, Y., and Carnivale, M., III. (2006b). “Laboratory evaluation of crushed glass-dredged material blends.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(5), 562–576.
Grubb, D. G., Wartman, J., and Malasavage, N. E. (2008b). “Aging of crushed glass-dredged material blend embankments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(11), 1676–1684.
Grubb, D. G., Wartman, J., Malasavage, N., and Mibroda, J. (2007b). “Turning mud into suitable fill: Amending OH, ML-MH and CH soils with curbside-collected crushed glass (CG).” Geo-Denver 2007: New peaks in geotechnics, ASCE, Reston, VA, 14.
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) [Computer software]. Karlsruhe, Germany, FIZ Karlsruhe.
Isenburg, J., and Moore, M. (1992). “Generalized acid neutralization capacity test.” Stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive and mixed wastes, T. M. Gilliam and C. C. Wiles, eds., Vol. 2, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 361–377.
Jade Version 7.5 [Computer software]. Livermore, CA, Materials Data Inc.
Jing, C., Korfiatis, G. P., and Meng, X. (2003). “Immobilization mechanisms of arsenate in iron hydroxide sludge stabilized with cement.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(21), 5050–5056.
Jing, C., Liu, S., and Meng, X. (2005). “Arsenic leachability and speciation in cement immobilized water treatment sludge.” Chemosphere, 59, 1241.
Kundu, S., and Gupta, A. K. (2008). “Immobilization and leaching characteristics of arsenic from cement and/or lime solidified/stabilized spent adsorbent containing arsenic.” J. Hazard. Mater., 153(1–2), 434–443.
Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE). (2008). “Cleanup standards for soil and groundwater.” Interim final guidance (Update No. 2), State of Maryland, Baltimore, 110.
Maryland State Highway Adminstration (MDSHA) (2008). “Standard specifications for construction and materials.” 〈http://www.sha.maryland.gov/ohd/frontpage.pdf〉 (Mar. 31, 2010).
Meng, X., Korfiatis, G. P., Bang, S., and Bang, K. W. (2002). “Combined effects of anions on arsenic removal by iron hydroxides.” Toxicol. Lett., 133, 103–111.
Mitsunobu, S., Harada, T., and Takahashi, Y. (2006). “Comparison of antimony behavior with that of arsenic under various soil redox conditions.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(23), 7270–7276.
Moon, D. H., Dermatas, D., and Menounou, N. (2004). “Arsenic immobilization by calcium-arsenic precipitates in lime treated soils.” Sci. Total Environ., 330(1–3), 171–185.
Moon, D. H., Grubb, D. G., and Reilly, T. L. (2009). “Stabilization/solidification of selenium-impacted soils using portland cement and cement kiln dust.” J. Hazard. Mater., 168(2–3), 944–951.
Moon, D. H., Wazne, M., Yoon, I. H., and Grubb, D. (2008). “Assessment of cement kiln dust (CKD) for stabilization/solidification (S/S) of arsenic contaminated soils.” J. Hazard. Mater., 159(2–3), 512–518.
Motz, H., and Geiseler, J. (2001). “Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources.” Waste Manage., 21, 285–293.
National Slag Association. (1988). Steel slag: A premier construction aggregate, Wayne, PA, 12.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). (2009). “Remediation standards N.J.A.C 7:26D.” 〈http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/regs/rs/〉 (Mar. 1 2010).
Newville, M. (2001). “IFEFFIT: interactive XAFS analysis and FEFF fitting.” J. Synchrotron Radiat., 8, 322–324.
Parkhurst, D. L., and Apello, C. A. J. (1999). User’s guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)—A computer program for speciation, batch-reactions, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC, 310.
Paterson, M. L., Brown, J., Parks, G. A., and Stein, C. L. (1997). “Differential redox and sorption of Cr(III/VI) on natural silicate and oxide minerals: EXAFS and XANES results.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3399–3412.
PDF-2 [Computer software]. Newtown Square, PA, International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), (2004). “Management of fill policy.” 〈http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/landrecwaste/cwp/view.asp?a=1239&Q=462668&landrecwasteNav=|30787|〉 (Mar. 27, 2009).
Proctor, D. M., et al. (2000). “Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, electric arc furnace steel industry slags.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(8), 1576–1582.
Rietveld, H. M. (1969). “A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures.” J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2, 65–71.
Rodríguez, J. D., Jiménez, A., Prieto, M., Torre, L., and García-Granda, S. (2008). “Interaction of gypsum with As(V)-bearing solutions: Surface precipitation of guerinite, sainfeldite, and , a synthetic arsenate.” Am. Mineral., 93, 928–939.
Shen, H., and Forssberg, E. (2003). “An overview of recovery of metals from slags.” Waste Manage., 23(10), 933–949.
Snoeyink, V. L., and Jenkins, D. (1980). Water chemistry, Wiley, New York, 463.
Stronach, S. A., Walker, N. L., Macpee, D. E., and Glasser, F. P. (1997). “Reactions between cement and As(III) oxide: The system at 25°C.” Waste Manage., 17, 9–13.
Szulczewski, M. D., Helmke, P. A., and Bleam, W. F. (1997). “Comparison of XANES analyses and extractions to determine chromium speciation in contaminated soils.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(10), 2954–2959.
Thoral, S., et al. (2005). “XAS study of iron and arsenic speciation during Fe(II) oxidation in the presence of As(III).” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(24), 9478–9485.
Wazne, M., Jagupilla, S. C., Moon, D. H., Christodoulatos, C., and Koutsospyros, A. (2008). “Leaching mechanisms of Cr(VI) from chromite ore processing residue.” J. Environ. Qual., 37, 2125–2134.
Wazne, M., Jagupilla, S. C., Moon, D. H., Jagupilla, S. C., Christodoulatos, C., and Kim, M. G. (2007). “Assessment of calcium polysulfide for the remediation of hexavalent chromium in chromite ore processing residue (COPR).” J. Hazard. Mater., 143, 620–628.
Zhu, Y. N., Zhang, X. H., Xie, O. L., Wang, D. Q., and Cheng, G. W. (2006). “Solubility and stability of calcium arsenates at 25°C.” Water Air Soil Pollut., 169, 221–238.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 15 • Issue 3 • July 2011
Pages: 130 - 150
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 12, 2010
Accepted: Sep 21, 2010
Published online: Jun 15, 2011
Published in print: Jul 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.