Abstract
This work aims to examine the flow dynamics that contribute to the transient wall shear stress of accelerating and decelerating turbulent pipe flows, using a series of direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of accelerating and decelerating flows between two fully turbulent states. Results show that accelerating and decelerating pipe flows exhibit different time dependence, especially in their turbulence response. It is observed that decelerating flows respond earlier than accelerating flows; however, they also require more extensive periods in which to relax towards their final turbulent state than accelerating flows. An identity that decomposes into its dynamic contributions was used to determine the dominant flow dynamics involved within the different stages experienced by these flows. It is revealed that one of the existing 1D unsteady friction models accurately predicts one of the components of the dynamic decomposition of . Nonetheless, it is noted that the 1D model does not capture the transient response of the laminar and turbulent contributions. Consequently, the identity mentioned above was utilized as a framework to develop a hybrid model that improves the current 1D unsteady friction approaches.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request (volumetric flow fields, flow statistics, and computational codes).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported with supercomputing resources provided by the Phoenix HPC service at the University of Adelaide. This research was also undertaken with the assistance of resources provided at the NCI NF through the Computational Merit Allocation Scheme, supported by the Australian Government and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, with funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Research Council.
References
Ariyaratne, C., S. He, and A. Vardy. 2010. “Wall friction and turbulence dynamics in decelerating pipe flows.” J. Hydraul. Res. 48 (10): 810–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2010.525372.
Batchelor, G. K. 1967. An introduction to fluid dynamics. London: Cambridge University Press.
Blasius, H. 1913. Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgängen in Flüssigkeiten. Berlin: Springer.
Brunone, B., U. M. Golia, and M. Greco. 1995. “Effects of two-dimensionality on pipe transients modeling.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 121 (12): 906–912. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:12(906).
Chin, C., A. S. H. Ooi, I. Marusic, and H. M. Blackburn. 2010. “The influence of pipe length on turbulence statistics computed from direct numerical simulation data.” Phys. Fluids 22 (11): 115107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3489528.
Chung, Y. 2005. “Unsteady turbulent flow with sudden pressure gradient changes.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 47 (8–9): 925–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.917.
Colebrook, C. F., C. M. White, and G. I. Taylor. 1937. “Experiments with fluid friction in roughened pipes.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 161 (906): 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.0150.
Conder, J. 2015. “Fitting multiple bell curves stably and accurately to a time series as applied to hubbert cycles or other phenomena.” Math. Geosci. 47 (6): 663–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-014-9557-7.
Dey, S., and M. Lambert. 2005. “Reynolds stress and bed shear in nonuniform unsteady open-channel flow.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131 (7): 610–614. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:7(610).
Fang, X., Y. Xu, and Z. Zhou. 2011. “New correlations of single-phase friction factor for turbulent pipe flow and evaluation of existing single-phase friction factor correlations.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 241 (3): 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.12.019.
Fischer, P., J. Lottes, and S. Kerkemeier. 2019. “Nek5000.” Accessed June 15, 2021. https://nek5000.mcs.anl.gov.
Fukagata, K., K. Iwamoto, and N. Kasagi. 2002. “Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.” Phys. Fluids 14 (11): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1516779.
Greenblatt, D., and E. Moss. 2004. “Rapid temporal acceleration of a turbulent pipe flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 514 (Aug): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112004000114.
Guerrero, B., M. F. Lambert, and R. C. Chin. 2020. “Extreme wall shear stress events in turbulent pipe flows: Spatial characteristics of coherent motions.” J. Fluid Mech. 904 (Oct): A18. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.689.
Guerrero, B., M. F. Lambert, and R. C. Chin. 2021. “Transient dynamics of accelerating turbulent pipe flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 917 (Apr): A43. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.303.
Guerrero, B., M. F. Lambert, and R. C. Chin. 2022. “Precursors of backflow events and their relationship with the near-wall self-sustaining process.” J. Fluid Mech. 933 (Dec): A33. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1082.
He, S., C. Ariyaratne, and A. E. Vardy. 2011. “Wall shear stress in accelerating turbulent pipe flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 685 (Sep): 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.328.
He, S., and J. D. Jackson. 2000. “A study of turbulence under conditions of transient flow in a pipe.” J. Fluid Mech. 408 (Apr): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099007016.
He, S., and M. Seddighi. 2013. “Turbulence in transient channel flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 715 (Jan): 60–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.498.
He, S., and M. Seddighi. 2015. “Transition of transient channel flow after a change in Reynolds number.” J. Fluid Mech. 764 (Jan): 395–427. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.698.
Jeong, J., and F. Hussain. 1995. “On the identification of a vortex.” J. Fluid Mech. 285 (Apr): 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095000462.
Jung, S., and Y. Chung. 2012. “Large-eddy simulation of accelerated turbulent flow in a circular pipe.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 33 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2011.11.005.
Jung, S., and K. Kim. 2017. “Transient behaviors of wall turbulence in temporally accelerating channel flows.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 67 (Part A): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2017.06.012.
Kurokawa, J., and M. Morikawa. 1986. “Accelerated and decelerated flows in a circular pipe.” Bull. JSME 29 (249): 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsme1958.29.758.
Lee, Y., W. Jung, J. Lee, and J. Kim. 2018. “Direct numerical simulations of temporally decelerating turbulent pipe flows.” J. Mech. Sci. Tech. 32 (Aug): 3713–3726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0724-5.
Maruyama, T., T. Kuribayashi, and T. Mizushina. 1976. “The structure of the turbulence in transient pipe flows.” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 9 (6): 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.9.431.
Mathur, A. 2016. “Study of accelerating and decelerating turbulent flows in a channel.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Sheffield.
Mathur, A., S. Gorji, S. He, M. Seddighi, A. E. Vardy, T. O’Donoghue, and D. Pokrajac. 2018. “Temporal acceleration of a turbulent channel flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 835 (Nov): 471–490. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.753.
Matsubara, M., and P. Alfredsson. 2001. “Disturbance growth in boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence.” J. Fluid Mech. 430 (Jun): 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112000002810.
Morton, B. R. 1984. “The generation and decay of vorticity.” Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 28 (Aug): 277–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/03091928408230368.
Seddighi, M., S. He, P. Orlandi, and A. E. Vardy. 2011. “A comparative study of turbulence in ramp-up and ramp-down unsteady flows.” Flow Turbul. Combust. 86 (3): 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-011-9341-4.
Shuy, E. B. 1996. “Wall shear stress in accelerating and decelerating turbulent pipe flows.” J. Hydraul. Res. 34 (2): 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689609498495.
Sreenivasan, K. R. 1982. “Laminarescent, relaminarizing and retransitional flows.” Acta Mech. 44 (1): 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01190916.
Vardy, A., and J. Brown. 1995. “Transient, turbulent, smooth pipe friction.” J. Hydraul. Res. 33 (4): 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689509498654.
Vardy, A., and J. Brown. 2003. “Transient turbulent friction in smooth pipe flows.” J. Sound Vib. 259 (5): 1011–1036. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2002.5160.
Vardy, A., and J. Brown. 2004. “Transient turbulent friction in fully rough pipe flows.” J. Sound Vib. 270 (1–2): 233–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00492-9.
Vardy, A., J. Brown, S. He, S. Ariyaratne, and S. Gorji. 2015. “Applicability of frozen-viscosity models of unsteady wall shear stress.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 141 (1): 04014064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000930.
Vítkovský, J., M. Stephens, A. Bergant, M. Lambert, and A. Simpson. 2004. “Efficient and accurate calculation of zielke and vardy-brown unsteady friction in pipe transients.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges, edited by S. Murray, 405–419. Chester, UK: BHR Group.
Volino, R., M. Schultz, and K. Flack. 2007. “Disturbance growth in boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence.” J. Fluid Mech. 592 (Nov): 263–293. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112007008518.
Yang, J., J. Hwang, and H. Sung. 2019. “Influence of wall-attached structures on the boundary of the quiescent core region in turbulent pipe flow.” Phys. Rev. Fluids 4 (11): 114606. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.114606.
Zielke, W. 1968. “Frequency-dependent friction in transient pipe flow.” J. Basic Eng. 90 (1): 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3605049.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 9 • September 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 12, 2021
Accepted: Apr 19, 2022
Published online: Jun 20, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 20, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Douglas Monteiro Andrade, Felipe Bastos de Freitas Rachid, Arris Sieno Tijsseling, A thermodynamically consistent model for hydraulic transients in metallic pipes undergoing elasto-viscoplastic deformations, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2023.104391, (104391), (2023).
- Kamil Urbanowicz, Anton Bergant, Michał Stosiak, Adam Deptuła, Mykola Karpenko, Michał Kubrak, Apoloniusz Kodura, Water Hammer Simulation Using Simplified Convolution-Based Unsteady Friction Model, Water, 10.3390/w14193151, 14, 19, (3151), (2022).
- Ying Zhang, Huan-Feng Duan, Alireza Keramat, CFD-aided study on transient wave-blockage interaction in a pressurized fluid pipeline, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 10.1080/19942060.2022.2126999, 16, 1, (1957-1973), (2022).