Hybrid Modeling for Design of a Novel Bridge Pier Collar for Reducing Scour
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 5
Abstract
Bridge pier scour poses major concerns for public safety and riverine communities because of its ability to undermine pier foundations. A new collar design is introduced as an improvement on the existing Flat Plate Collar (FPC). Uniquely, the three-dimensional collar is specifically designed to contain the horseshoe vortex and guide it safely downstream, while protecting the riverbed around the pier base from the passing accelerated flow. Large shear stresses are thereby prevented from contacting the riverbed, and thus scour is considerably reduced. The collar design was achieved in an iterative hybrid manner through the use of OpenFOAM (CFD) software and by employing experimental tests. Collar designs were tested numerically and adjusted until an improved shape was reached. Then, a physical model of the new collar and an FPC were constructed and tested experimentally. The collar is demonstrated to reduce scour, more than that of an FPC; however further revisions are required for it to be an effective scour solution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) in the form of Discovery Grants to Ioan Nistor and Colin Rennie, and the Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Doctoral Scholarship (CGS D) to Christopher Valela. The authors also acknowledge A. Brévot and Q. Giraud, research interns from the University of Grenoble, France, for their assistance with the experimental work.
References
Arneson, L. A., L. W. Zevenbergen, P. F. Lagasse, and P. E. Clopper. 2012. Evaluating scour at bridges.. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Bates, P. D., S. N. Lane, and R. I. Ferguson. 2005. Computational fluid dynamics: Applications in environmental hydraulics, 332. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Blocken, B., T. Stathopoulos, and J. Carmeliet. 2007. “CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer: Wall function problems.” Atmos. Environ. 41 (2): 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.019.
Chen, S.-C., S. Tfwala, T.-Y. Wu, H.-C. Chan, and H.-T. Chou. 2018. “A hooked-collar for bridge piers protection: Flow fields and scour.” Water 10 (9): 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091251.
Chiew, Y. M. 1992. “Scour protection at bridge piers.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 118 (9): 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:9(1260).
Dargahi, B. 1990. “Controlling mechanism of local scouring.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 116 (9): 1197–1214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:10(1197).
de Sonneville, B., D. Rudolph, and T. C. Raaijmakers. 2010. “Scour reduction by collars around offshore monopiles.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), 460–470. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ESI-OpenCFD. 2019. “OpenFOAM: The open source CFD toolbox.” Accessed October 30, 2019. https://openfoam.com/.
Ettema, R., G. Constantinescu, and B. W. Melville. 2017. “Flow-field complexity and design estimation of pier-scour depth: Sixty years since Laursen and Toch.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 143 (9): 03117006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001330.
Ettema, R., T. Nakato, and M. Muste. 2006. An illustrated guide for monitoring and protecting bridge waterways against scour.. Ames, IA: Iowa Highway Research Board.
Gritskevich, M. S., A. V. Garbaruk, J. Schütze, and F. R. Menter. 2012. “Development of DDES and IDDES formulations for the shear stress transport model.” Flow Turbul. Combust. 88: 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-011-9378-4.
Gupta, U. P., C. S. P. Ojha, and N. Sharma. 2010. “Enhancing utility of submerged vanes with collar.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 136 (9): 651–655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000212.
Issa, R. I. 1986. “Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting.” J. Comput. Phys. 62 (1): 40–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(86)90099-9.
Jamieson, E. C., G. Post, and C. D. Rennie. 2010. “Spatial variability of three-dimensional Reynolds stresses in a developing channel bend.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 35 (9): 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1930.
Knopp, T., B. Eisfeld, and J. B. Calvo. 2009. “A new extension for k–ω turbulence models to account for wall roughness.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 30 (1): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.09.009.
Kumar, V., K. G. R. Raju, and N. Vittal. 1999. “Reduction of local scour around bridge piers using slots and collars.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 125 (12): 1302–1305. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:12(1302).
Lagasse, P. F., P. E. Clopper, J. E. Pagán-Ortiz, L. W. Zevenbergen, L. A. Arneson, J. D. Schall, and L. G. Girard. 2009. Bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures: Experience, selection, and design guidance.. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Marris, A. W. 1964. “A review on vortex streets, periodic wakes, and induced vibration phenomena.” ASME J. Basic Eng. 86 (2): 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3653027.
Mashahir, M. B., A. R. Zarrati, and E. Mokallaf. 2010. “Application of riprap and collar to prevent scouring around rectangular bridge piers.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 136 (3): 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000145.
Menter, F. R. 1992. Improved two equation turbulence models for aerodynamic flows.. Moffett Field, CA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center.
Menter, F. R., M. Kuntz, and R. Langtry. 2003. “Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model.” In Turbulence, heat and mass transfer 4, edited by K. Hanjalić, Y. Nagano, and M. Tummers, 625–632. New York: Begell House.
Parente, A., C. Gorlé, J. van Beeck, and C. Benocci. 2011. “A comprehensive modelling approach for the neutral atmospheric boundary layer: Consistent inflow conditions, wall function and turbulence model.” Boundary Layer Meteorol. 140: 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9621-5.
Raudkivi, A. J. 1986. “Functional trends of scour at bridge piers.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 112 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1986)112:1(1).
Richards, P. J., and R. P. Hoxey. 1993. “Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the turbulence model.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 46–47: 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90124-7.
Spalart, P. R., W.-H. Jou, M. Strelets, and S. R. Allmaras. 1997. “Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings, and on a hybrid RANS/LES approach.” In Proc., 1st AFOSR Int. Conf. on Advances in DNS/LES, edited by C. Liu and Z. Liu, 137–147. Columbus, OH: Greyden Press.
Speziale, C. G. 1991. “Analytical methods for the development of Reynolds-stress closures in turbulence.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23: 107–157. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.000543.
Stevens, M. A., M. M. Gasser, and M. B. A. M. Saad. 1991. “Wake vortex scour at bridge piers.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (7): 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:7(891).
Strelets, M. 2001. “Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows.” In Proc., 39th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 1–18. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Valela, C., I. Nistor, and C. Rennie. 2018. “Reduction of bridge pier scour through the use of a novel collar design.” In Proc., 6th Int. Disaster Mitigation Specialty Conf., 1–10. Fredericton, Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Wilcox, D. C. 2006. Turbulence modeling for CFD. 3rd ed. La Cañada, CA: DCW Industries.
Zarrati, A. R., M. Nazariha, and M. B. Mashahir. 2006. “Reduction of local scour in the vicinity of bridge pier groups using collars and riprap.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 132 (2): 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:2(154).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 1, 2019
Accepted: Nov 16, 2020
Published online: Feb 26, 2021
Published in print: May 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jul 26, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.