Investigation of Transient Wave Behavior in Water Pipelines with Blockages
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 2
Abstract
Partial blockages commonly exist in water pipelines due to various physical, chemical, and biological processes, including sediment, corrosion, and biofilm. The formed blockages can result in low flowing capacity, additional energy loss, and water quality deterioration during the water conveyance process, such as urban water supply and drainage systems. This paper presents an investigation on the interaction of transient pressure waves with pipe-wall roughness and blockages in water pipelines. The analytical expression of wave propagation in a pipeline with rough blockages is firstly derived by multiscale wave perturbation analysis for transient pipe flows. The analytical results and analysis demonstrate that the wave scattering (amplitude damping and phase shifting) is dependent on the relationship between the incident wavelength and the correlation length of roughness-blockage disorders in the pipeline. The relative importance of pipe-wall roughness friction and pipe blockage constriction to wave scattering in terms of wave envelope attenuation and wave phase change is then investigated based on the analytically derived results. Two dimensionless parameters, which are functions of the properties of incident waves, pipe-wall roughness, blockage severity and range, and internal fluid conditions, are formulated to characterize such relevance and importance. For validation, the analytical results are compared with experimental data collected in this study based on a laboratory experimental test system. Finally, the key results and findings of this study are discussed for their applicability and implication to transient pipe flow modeling and pipeline condition assessment in practical applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (including analytical derivation, numerical model data, and experimental test data).
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) (15201017 and 15200719) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51639007).
References
Ayati, A., A. Haghighi, and P. J. Lee. 2019. “Statistical review of major standpoints in hydraulic transient-based leak detection.” J. Hydraul. Struct. 5 (1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2019.27926.1095.
Bergant, A., A. R. Simpson, and A. S. Tijsseling. 2006. “Water hammer with column separation: A historical review.” J. Fluids Struct. 22 (2): 135–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.08.008.
Brunone, B. 1999. “Transient test-based technique for leak detection in outfall pipes.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 125 (5): 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:5(302).
Brunone, B., and A. Berni. 2010. “Wall shear stress in transient turbulent pipe flow by local velocity measurement.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 136 (10): 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000234.
Brunone, B., M. Ferrante, and M. Cacciamani. 2004. “Decay of pressure and energy dissipation in laminar transient flow.” J. Fluids Eng. 126 (6): 928–934. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1839926.
Chaudhry, M. H. 2014. Applied hydraulic transients. 3rd ed. New York: Springer.
Che, T. C., H. F. Duan, P. J. Lee, B. Pan, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2018. “Transient frequency responses for pressurized water pipelines containing blockages with linearly varying diameters.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 144 (8): 04018054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001499.
Che, T. C., H. F. Duan, B. Pan, P. J. Lee, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2019. “Energy analysis of the resonant frequency shift pattern induced by non-uniform blockages in pressurized water pipes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 145 (7): 04019027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001607.
Colton, D., J. Coyle, and P. Mon. 2000. “Recent developments in inverse acoustic scattering theory.” SIAM Rev. 42 (3): 369–414. https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036144500367337.
Covas, D., I. Stoianov, J. F. Mano, H. Ramos, N. Graham, and C. Maksimovic. 2005. “The dynamic effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity in hydraulic transients. Part II—Model development, calibration and verification.” J. Hydraul. Res. 43 (1): 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680509500111.
Duan, H. F. 2017. “Transient wave scattering and its influence on transient analysis and leak detection in urban water supply systems: Theoretical analysis and numerical validation.” Water 9 (10): 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100789.
Duan, H. F., T. C. Che, P. J. Lee, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2018. “Influence of nonlinear turbulent friction on the system frequency response in transient pipe flow modelling and analysis.” J. Hydraul. Res. 56 (4): 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2017.1399936.
Duan, H. F., M. S. Ghidaoui, P. J. Lee, and Y. K. Tung. 2010a. “Unsteady friction and visco-elasticity in pipe fluid transients.” J. Hydraul. Res. 48 (3): 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221681003726247.
Duan, H. F., M. S. Ghidaoui, P. J. Lee, and Y. K. Tung. 2012a. “Relevance of unsteady friction to pipe size and length in pipe fluid transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 138 (2): 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000497.
Duan, H. F., and P. J. Lee. 2016. “Transient-based frequency domain method for dead-end side branch detection in reservoir pipeline-valve systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 142 (2): 04015042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001070.
Duan, H. F., P. J. Lee, T. C. Che, M. S. Ghidaoui, B. W. Karney, and A. A. Kolyshkin. 2017. “The influence of non-uniform blockages on transient wave behavior and blockage detection in pressurized water pipelines.” J. Hydro-environ. Res. 17 (Dec): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.08.002.
Duan, H. F., P. J. Lee, M. S. Ghidaoui, and J. Tuck. 2014. “Transient wave-blockage interaction and extended blockage detection in elastic water pipelines.” J. Fluids Struct. 46 (Apr): 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.12.002.
Duan, H. F., P. J. Lee, M. S. Ghidaoui, and Y. K. Tung. 2011a. “Leak detection in complex series pipelines by using system frequency response method.” J. Hydraul. Res. 49 (2): 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.553486.
Duan, H. F., P. J. Lee, M. S. Ghidaoui, and Y. K. Tung. 2012b. “Extended blockage detection in pipelines by using the system frequency response analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 138 (1): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000145.
Duan, H. F., J. L. Lu, A. A. Kolyshkin, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2011b. “The effect of random inhomogeneities on wave propagation in pipes.” In Proc., 34th IAHR Congress. Barton, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Duan, H. F., Y. K. Tung, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2010b. “Probabilistic analysis of transient design for water supply systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 136 (6): 678–687. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000074.
Ebacher, G., M. Besner, J. Lavoie, B. Jung, B. Karney, and M. Prévost. 2011. “Transient modeling of a full-scale distribution system: Comparison with field data.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 137 (2): 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000109.
Ghidaoui, M. S., M. Zhao, D. A. McInnis, and D. H. Axworthy. 2005. “A review of water hammer theory and practice.” Appl. Mech. Rev. 58 (1): 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1828050.
Gong, J., M. F. Lambert, S. Nguyen, A. C. Zecchin, and A. R. Simpson. 2018. “Detecting thinner-walled pipe sections using a spark transient pressure wave generator.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 144 (2): 06017027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001409.
Gong, J., M. F. Lambert, A. R. Simpson, and A. C. Zecchin. 2014. “Detection of localized deterioration distributed along single pipelines by reconstructive MOC analysis.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 140 (2): 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000806.
Gong, J., M. F. Lambert, A. C. Zecchin, and A. R. Simpson. 2016. “Experimental verification of pipeline frequency response extraction and leak detection using the inverse repeat signal.” J. Hydraul. Res. 54 (2): 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1116115.
Guidara, M. A., L. H. Taieb, C. Schmitt, E. H. Taieb, and Z. Azarib. 2018. “Investigation of viscoelastic effects on transient flow in a relatively long PE100 pipe.” J. Fluids Struct. 80 (Jul): 370–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.04.008.
Keramat, A., M. S. Ghidaoui, X. Wang, and M. Louati. 2019. “Cramer-Rao lower bound for performance analysis of leak detection.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 145 (6): 04019018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001603.
Keramat, A., A. S. Tijsseling, Q. Hou, and A. Ahmadi. 2012. “Fluid-structure interaction with pipe-wall viscoelasticity during water hammer.” J. Fluids Struct. 28 (Jan): 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.11.001.
Kim, S. H. 2016. “Impedance method for abnormality detection of a branched pipeline system.” Water Resour. Manage. 30 (3): 1101–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1213-6.
Kim, S. H. 2020. “Multiple leak detection algorithm for pipe network.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 139 (May): 106645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.106645.
Lee, P. J., H. F. Duan, M. S. Ghidaoui, and B. W. Karney. 2013. “Frequency domain analysis of pipe fluid transient behaviors.” J. Hydraul. Res. 51 (6): 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.814597.
Lee, P. J., H. F. Duan, J. Tuck, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2015. “Numerical and experimental illustration of the effect of signal bandwidth on pipe condition assessment using fluid transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 141 (2): 04014074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000961.
Louati, M., and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2019. “The need for high order numerical scheme for modeling dispersive high frequency acoustic waves in water-filled pipe.” J. Hydraul. Res. 57 (3): 405–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2018.1526221.
Lu, Z. 2008. Stochastic modelling of unsteady open channel flow and reliability analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology.
McInnis, D., and B. W. Karney. 1995. “Transients in distribution networks: Field tests and demand models.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 121 (3): 218–231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:3(218).
Mei, C. C., and H. X. Jing. 2016. “Pressure and wall shear stress in blood hammer—Analytical theory.” Math. Biosci. 280 (Oct): 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2016.07.007.
Meniconi, S., B. Brunone, and M. Ferrante. 2012. “Water-hammer pressure waves interaction at cross-section changes in series in viscoelastic pipes.” J. Fluids Struct. 33 (Aug): 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2012.05.007.
Meniconi, S., B. Brunone, M. Ferrante, C. Capponi, C. A. Carrettini, C. Chiesa, D. Segalini, and E. A. Lanfranchi. 2015. “Anomaly pre-localization in distribution–transmission mains by pump trip: Preliminary field tests in the Milan pipe system.” J. Hydroinf. 17 (3): 377–389. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.038.
Meniconi, S., B. Brunone, M. Ferrante, and C. Massari. 2011. “Small amplitude sharp pressure waves to diagnose pipe systems.” Water Resour. Manage. 25 (1): 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9688-7.
Meniconi, S., H. F. Duan, P. J. Lee, B. Brunone, M. S. Ghidaoui, and M. Ferrante. 2013. “Experimental investigation of coupled frequency- and time-domain transient test-based techniques for partial blockage detection in pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 139 (10): 1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000768.
Pan, B., H. F. Duan, S. Meniconi, and B. Brunone. 2021. “FRF-based transient wave analysis for the viscoelastic parameters identification and leak detection in water-filled plastic pipes.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 146 (Jan): 107056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107056.
Pan, B., H. F. Duan, S. Meniconi, K. Urbanowicz, T. C. Che, and B. Brunone. 2020. “Multistage frequency-domain transient-based method for the analysis of viscoelastic parameters of plastic pipes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (3): 04019068. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001700.
Ramezani, L., and B. Karney. 2017. “Water column separation and cavity collapse for pipelines protected with air vacuum valves: Understanding the essential wave processes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 143 (2): 04016083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001235.
Stephens, M. L. 2008. “Transient response analysis for fault detection and pipeline wall condition assessment in field water transmission and distribution pipelines and networks.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, Univ. of Adelaide.
Vardy, A. E., and J. M. Brown. 1995. “Transient, turbulent, smooth pipe friction.” J. Hydraul. Res. 33 (4): 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689509498654.
Wang, X., and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2018. “Pipeline leak detection using the matched-field processing method.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 144 (6): 04018030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001476.
Wang, X., D. P. Palomar, L. C. Zhao, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2019. “Spectral-based methods for pipeline leakage localization.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 145 (3): 04018089. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001572.
Wiggert, D. C., and A. S. Tijsseling. 2001. “Fluid transients and fluid-structure interaction in flexible liquid-filled piping.” Appl. Mech. Rev. 54 (5): 455–481. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1404122.
Wright, S., J. Lewis, and J. Vasconcelos. 2011. “Geysering in rapidly filling storm-water tunnels.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 137 (1): 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000245.
Wu, Q., and F. Fricke. 1990. “Determination of blocking locations and cross-sectional area in a duct by eigenfrequency shifts.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87 (1): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.398914.
Wylie, E. B., V. L. Streeter, and L. Suo. 1993. Fluid transient in systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Zanganeh, R., E. Jabbari, A. Tijsseling, and A. Keramat. 2020. “Fluid-structure interaction in transient-based extended defect detection of pipe walls.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (4): 04020015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001693.
Zhou, L., D. Liu, and B. Karney. 2013. “Investigation of hydraulic transients of two entrapped air pockets in a water pipeline.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 139 (9): 949–959. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000750.
Zhu, Y., H. F. Duan, F. Li, C. G. Wu, Y. X. Yuan, and Z. F. Shi. 2018. “Experimental and numerical study on transient air-water mixing flows in viscoelastic pipes.” J. Hydraul. Res. 56 (6): 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2018.1424045.
Zouari, F., E. Blåsten, M. Louati, and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2019. “Internal pipe area reconstruction as a tool for blockage detection.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 145 (6): 04019019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001602.
Zouari, F., M. Louati, S. Meniconi, E. Blåsten, M. S. Ghidaoui, and B. Brunone. 2020. “Experimental verification of the accuracy and robustness of area reconstruction method for pressurized water pipe system.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (3): 04020004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001674.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 2 • February 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 10, 2020
Accepted: Aug 27, 2020
Published online: Nov 22, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.