Abstract
This paper analyzes the mixing of a tee diffuser discharging in shallow water with currents. Experiments are conducted for tee diffusers with different designs discharging in a crossflow. Measurements of dilution are reported and analyzed along with the results obtained by previous studies to investigate the effects of different outfall and ambient parameters on dilution. The effect of ambient current speed, diffuser length, port spacing, port angle relative to horizontal, ambient depth, nearshore distance, and effluent buoyancy on dilution is examined. Previous investigations have shown markedly different effects of ambient current on the dilution of tee diffuser, characterized by the ratio of ambient momentum to discharge momentum. This apparent confusion is resolved by showing that much of the difference can be attributed to the different range of parameters used in different studies. While most studies have focused on minimum dilution within the plume, dilution measurements at the edge of a regulatory mixing zone are considered in this paper because they are important for satisfying regulatory requirements. Measurements of centerline and flux-averaged dilution at the edge of a mixing zone are reported. Recommendations are made for the design of tee diffusers in shallow receiving waters with crossflow.
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment (CNRE), which was funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). The authors benefited from conversations with Bernadette Kolb, Francis Bui, and Brian Caulfield from CDM Smith, and Joseph Lee from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 4 • April 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 5, 2017
Accepted: Sep 11, 2018
Published online: Jan 28, 2019
Published in print: Apr 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jun 28, 2019
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Chemical processes
- Chemistry
- Crossflow
- Diffusion
- Dilution
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Environmental engineering
- Flow (fluid dynamics)
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Hydration
- Hydraulic engineering
- Hydraulic structures
- Hydrologic engineering
- Laminating
- Materials engineering
- Materials processing
- Mathematics
- Parameters (statistics)
- Ports and harbors
- Shallow water
- Statistics
- Thermodynamics
- Transport phenomena
- Water (by type)
- Water and water resources
- Water discharge
- Water management
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