Experimental Study of the Eigenfrequency Shift Mechanism in a Blocked Pipe System
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 10
Abstract
Eigenfrequency shift in a pipe with a blockage is investigated experimentally. The experimental test rig consists of a reservoir-pipe-valve (RPV) system that contains a single partial blockage. Blockages with different lengths are considered. The experiments confirm the existence of certain frequency bands where waves reflect strongly from the blockage and other bands where waves reflect weakly (Bragg-type resonance). These bands agree with the theoretically derived Bragg resonance condition. It is found that the values of the resonant frequencies are highly sensitive to the wave speed. For example, a 4% error in wave speed results in an error in the eigenfrequency estimates that increases almost linearly from approximately 4% for the first mode to 60% for the seventh mode. A direct and efficient approach is proposed for using the Bragg resonance condition to detect blockages in pipes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (Projects 612712, 612713, and T21-602/15R), by the Postgraduate Studentship, the University of Perugia, the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)—under the Projects of Relevant National Interest “Advanced analysis tools for the management of water losses in urban aqueducts” and “Tools and procedures for an advanced and sustainable management of water distribution systems”—and Fondazione Cassa Risparmio Perugia, under the project “Hydraulic and microbiological combined approach toward water quality control (No. 2015.0383.021).” The authors thank Dr. D.A. McInnis for the technical and editorial suggestions.
References
ASCE. (2013). Report card on infrastructure, Reston, VA.
Brunone, B., Ferrante, M., and Meniconi, S. (2008a). “Discussion of detection of partial blockage in single pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 872–874.
Brunone, B., Ferrante, M., and Meniconi, S. (2008b). “Portable pressure wave-maker for leak detection and pipe system characterization.” J. Am. Water Works Assn., 100(4), 108–116.
Chaudhry, M. H. (2014). Applied hydraulic transients, 3rd Ed., Springer, New York.
Coelho, B., and Andrade-Campos, A. (2014). “Efficiency achievement in water supply systems—A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 30, 59–84.
Colombo, A. F., and Karney, B. W. (2002). “Energy and costs of leaky pipes: Toward comprehensive picture.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 441–450.
Covas, D., Stoianov, I., Mano, J. F., Ramos, H., Graham, N., and Maksimovic, C. (2005). “The dynamic effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity in hydraulic transients. II: Model development, calibration and verification.” J. Hydraul. Res., 43(1), 56–70.
De Salis, M. H. F., and Oldham, D. J. (1999). “Determination of the blockage area function of a finite duct from a single pressure response measurement.” J. Sound Vib., 221(1), 180–186.
Domis, M. A. (1979). “Acoustic resonances as a means of blockage detection in sodium cooled fast reactors.” Nucl. Eng. Des., 54(1), 125–147.
Domis, M. A. (1980). “Frequency dependence of acoustic resonances on blockage position in a fast reactor subassembly wrapper.” J. Sound Vib., 72(4), 443–450.
Duan, H., Lee, P. J., Ghidaoui, M. S., and Tung, Y. (2011). “Extended blockage detection in pipelines by using the system frequency response analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 55–62.
Duan, H., Lee, P. J., Kashima, A., Lu, J., Ghidaoui, M., and Tung, Y. (2013). “Extended blockage detection in pipes using the system frequency response: Analytical analysis and experimental verification.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 763–771.
El-Rahed, M., and Wagner, P. (1982). “Acoustic propagation in rigid ducts with blockage.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 72(3), 1046–1055.
EURAMET (European Association of National Metrology Institutes). (2011). “Guidelines on the calibration of electromechanical manometers.” ⟨http://dastmardi.ir/Guides/EURAMET_cg-17__v_2.0_Electromechanical_Manometers.pdf⟩.
Fant, G. (1975). “Vocal-tract area and length perturbations.”, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Dept. of Speech Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1–14.
Heinz, J. (1967). “Perturbation functions for the determination of vocal-tract area functions from vocal-tract eigenvalues.”, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Dept. of Speech Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1–14.
Lee, P. J., Duan, H., Tuck, J., and Ghidaoui, M. (2014). “Numerical and experimental study on the effect of signal bandwidth on pipe assessment using fluid transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 04014074.
Louati, M. (2016). “In-depth study of plane wave-blockage interaction and analysis of high frequency waves behaviour in water-filled pipe systems.” Ph.D. dissertation, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, ⟨http://lbezone.ust.hk/bib/b1618552⟩.
Louati, M., and Ghidaoui, M. S. (2015). “Role of length of probing waves for multi-scale defects detection in pipes.” Proc., 36th IAHR Congress, The Hague, Netherlands.
Louati, M., and Ghidaoui, M. S. (2016a). “Eigenfrequency shift mechanism due to an interior blockage in a pipe.” J. Hydraul. Eng., in press.
Louati, M., and Ghidaoui, M. S. (2016b). “In-depth study of the eigenfrequency shift mechanism due to variation in the cross sectional area of a conduit.” J. Hydraul. Res., in press.
Louati, M., Ghidaoui, M. S., Meniconi, S., and Brunone, B. (2016). “Bragg-type resonance in blocked pipe system and its effect on the eigenfrequency shift.” J. Hydraul. Eng., in press.
MATLAB [Computer software]. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
Meniconi, S., Brunone, B., and Ferrante, M. (2011a). “In-line pipe device checking by short period analysis of transient tests.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 713–722.
Meniconi, S., Brunone, B., and Ferrante, M. (2012). “Water-hammer pressure waves interaction at cross-section changes in series in visco-elastic pipes.” J. Fluids Struct., 33, 44–58.
Meniconi, S., Brunone, B., Ferrante, M., and Capponi, C. (2016). “Mechanism of interaction of pressure waves at a discrete partial blockage.” J. Fluids Struct., 62, 33–45.
Meniconi, S., Brunone, B., Ferrante, M., and Massari, C. (2011c). “Small amplitude sharp pressure waves to diagnose pipe systems.” Water Resour. Manage., 25(1), 79–96.
Meniconi, S., Duan, H., Lee, P., Brunone, B., Ghidaoui, M., and Ferrante, M. (2013). “Experimental investigation of coupled frequency and time-domain transient test–based techniques for partial blockage detection in pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1033–1040.
Mermelstein, P. (1967). “Determination of the vocal-tract shape from measured formant frequencies.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 41(5), 1283–1294.
Milenkovic, P. (1984). “Vocal tract area functions from two point acoustic measurements with formant frequency constraints.” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., 32(6), 1122–1135.
Milenkovic, P. (1987). “Acoustic tube reconstruction from noncausal excitation.” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., 35(8), 1089–1100.
Mitosek, M., and Chorzelski, M. (2003). “Influence of visco-elasticity on pressure wave velocity in polyethylene MDPE pipe.” Archit. Hydro. Eng. Environ. Mech., 50(2), 127–140.
Qunli, W., and Fricke, F. (1989). “Estimation of blockage dimensions in a duct using measured eigenfrequency shifts.” J. Sound Vib., 133(2), 289–301.
Qunli, W., and Fricke, F. (1990). “Determination of blocking locations and cross-sectional area in a duct by eigenfrequency shifts.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 87(1), 67–75.
Schroeder, M. R. (1967). “Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 41(4B), 1002–1010.
Schroeter, J., and Sondhi, M. M. (1994). “Techniques for estimating vocal-tract shapes from the speech signal.” IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2(1), 133–150.
Sondhi, M. M., and Gopinath, B. (1971). “Determination of vocal-tract shape from impulse response at the lips.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 49(6B), 1867–1873.
Sondhi, M. M., and Resnick, J. (1983). “The inverse problem for the vocal tract: Numerical methods, acoustical experiments, and speech synthesis.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 73(3), 985–1002.
Stephens, M. (2008). “Transient response analysis for fault detection and pipeline wall condition assessment in field water transmission and distribution pipelines and networks.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Stevens, K. N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics, MIT Press, London.
Wylie, E. B., Streeter, V. L., and Suo, L. (1993). Fluid transients in systems, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 10 • October 2017
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 3, 2016
Accepted: Mar 16, 2017
Published online: Aug 4, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jan 4, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.