Air Movement Induced by Water Flow with a Hydraulic Jump in Changing Slope Pipes
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper presents experimental and numerical results of air movement in sewer pipes. Both the airflow in a straight pipe and pipes with changing slopes were studied. The result from the straight-pipe model suggests that the air pressure gradient is built up in the pipe even when it is kept at atmospheric pressure at both ends. The combined effects of water drag and the pressure gradient were analyzed. A general method for estimating the airflow rate was proposed. Further, physical and numerical experiments were performed on air movement induced by water flow with a hydraulic jump in pipes with a changing slope. The ratios of air and water flow rates were found to be substantially higher than published values because of different air transportation mechanisms. The rough surface and air/water bubbly flow in the roller of the hydraulic jump can affect the momentum flux of the air phase, and this additional momentum needs to be incorporated in airflow modeling.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully appreciate the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC), the City of Edmonton, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. The authors also would like to thank Perry Fedun for his technical assistance.
References
AE (Associate Engineering). (2008). “Odor control program report.” City of Edmonton, AL, Canada.
ANSYS 14.0 [Computer software]. ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA.
Chanson, H. (2006). “Air bubble entrainment in hydraulic jumps, similitude and scale effects.”, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
Chanson, H., and Brattberg, T. (2000). “Experimental study of the air-water shear flow in a hydraulic jump.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 26(4), 583–607.
Chanson, H., and Gualtieri, C. (2008). “Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in hydraulic jumps.” J. Hydraul. Res., 46(1), 35–44.
Chanson, H., and Qiao, G. L. (1994). “Air bubble entrainment and gas transfer at hydraulic jumps.”, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Queensland, Australia.
Edwini-Bonsu, S. (2004). “Air flow in sanitary sewer systems: A physically-based approach.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Edwini-Bonsu, S., and Steffler, P. M. (2004). “Air flow in sanitary sewer conduits due to wastewater drag: A computational fluid dynamics approach.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3(5), 331–342.
Edwini-Bonsu, S., and Steffler, P. M. (2006). “Dynamics of air flow in sewer conduit headspace.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 791–799.
Egorov, Y. (2004). “Contact condensation in stratified stream-water flow.” ⟨https://domino.grs.de/ecora/ecora.nsf/⟩ (Apr. 9, 2016).
Escarameia, M. (2007). “Investigating hydraulic removal of air from water pipelines.” Water Manage., 160(1), 25–34.
Ferziger, J. H., and Peric, M. (2002). Computational methods for fluid dynamics, 3rd Ed., Springer, Berlin.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic Press, San Diego, FL.
Hager, W. H. (1992). Energy dissipators and hydraulic jump, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Hirt, C. W., and Nichols, B. D. (1981). “Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries.” J. Comput. Phys., 39(1), 201–225.
Kalinske, A. A., and Robertson, J. M. (1943). “Closed conduit flow.” Transactions ASCE, 108(1), 1435–1447.
Larchar, J. A. (2011). “Air demand in low-level outlet works.” M.Sc. thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT.
LA Report. (2011). “Waste odor control master plan.” ⟨http://www.lacitysan.org/lasewers/sewers/odors/pdf/Odor_Master_Plan_2011.pdf⟩ (Jan. 11, 2016).
Ma, Y., Zhu, D. Z., and Rajaratnam, N. (2016). “Air entrainment in a tall plunging dropshaft.” J. Hydraul. Eng., .
Merzkirch, W. (1987). Flow visualization, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Mortensen, J. D., Barfuss, S. L., and Jhonson, M. C. (2011). “Scale effects of air entrainment by hydraulic jumps within closed conduits.” J. Hydraul. Res., 49(1), 90–95.
Origin version b9.3.226 [Computer software]. OriginLab, Northampton, MA.
Pescod, M. B., and Price, A. C. (1982). “Major factors in sewer ventilation.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 54(4), 385–397.
Rajaratnam, N. (1965). “Hydraulic jump in horizontal conduit.” Water Power Dam Constr., 17(2), 80–83.
Sharma, H. R. (1976). “Air-entrainment in high head gated conduits.” J. Hydr. Div., 102(11), 1629–1646.
Speerli, J., and Hager, W. H. (2000). “Air-water flow in bottom outlets.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 27(3), 454–462.
Tullis, B., and Larchar, J. (2011). “Determining air demand for small- to medium-sized embankment dam low-level outlet works.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 793–800.
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). (1980). “Engineering and design: Hydraulic design of reservoir outlet works.”, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. (1985). “Design manual: Odor and corrosion control in sanitary sewerage systems and treatment plants.”, Washington, DC.
Volkart, P. U., and Speerli, J. (1994). “Prototype investigation of the high velocity flow in the high head tunnel outlet of the Panix Dam.” Proc., 18th ICOLD Congress, International Commission on Large Dams, Paris.
Wright, N. W. (2013). “Air vent sizing in low-level outlet works for small to medium-sized dams.” M.Sc. thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT.
Wright, N. W., and Tullis, B. P. (2014). “Prototype and laboratory low-level outlet air demand comparison for small to medium-sized embankment dams.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., .
Zhang, W. M., Liu, M. N., Zhu, D. Z., and Rajaratnam, N. (2014). “Mean and turbulent bubble velocities in free hydraulic jumps for small to intermediate Froude numbers.” J. Hydraul. Eng., .
Zhang, W. M., Zhu, D. Z., Rajaratnam, N., Edwini-Bonsu, S., Fiala, J., and Pelz, W. (2016). “Use of air circulation pipes in deep dropshafts for reducing air induction into sanitary sewers.” J. Environ. Eng., .
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 4 • April 2017
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 20, 2015
Accepted: Aug 3, 2016
Published online: Oct 25, 2016
Discussion open until: Mar 25, 2017
Published in print: Apr 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.