Model for Surface Erosion of Cohesive Soils
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 7
Abstract
A model is proposed for the surface erosion of cohesive soils on the basis of the physical interaction of turbulent bursts with the sediment bed. More specifically, the model deals with floc-by-floc erosion, appropriate for conditions of relatively low shear stress. The role of turbulent burst structures on the entrainment of particles has been well-established. A number of models have been developed for soil erosion on the basis of the interaction of turbulent burst structures with sediment beds in open-channel flow. What has been lacking in this type of model and in other models for the surface erosion of cohesive soils in general is an understanding of the aggregate size distribution in cohesive sediment beds. In this study, a relationship is developed for the aggregate size distribution as a function of the bed bulk density and fractal dimension of aggregates in soils, and this relationship is incorporated in a turbulent burst erosion model. The model is applied to experimental data, and the resulting model parameters are found to compare closely to the physical values reported in the literature.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Alfredsson, P. H., and Johansson, A. V. (1984). “Time scales in turbulent channel flow.” Phys. FluidsPFLDAS, 27(8), 1974–1981.
Antonia, R. A., and Bisset, D. K. (1989). “Spanwise structure in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 210(-1), 437–458.
Ariathurai, R., and Arulanandan, K. (1978). “Erosion rates of cohesive soils.” J. Hydr. Div.JYCEAJ, 104(HY2), 279–283.
ASCE Task Committee on Hydraulics, Bank Mechanics, and Modeling of River Width Adjustment. (1998). “River width adjustment: I. Processes and mechanisms.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 124(9), 881–902.
ASCE Task Committee on Sedimentation. (1968). “Erosion of cohesive sediments.” J. Hydraul. Div., 94(HY4), 1017–1047.JYCEAJ
Bhaganagar, K., Kim, J., and Coleman, G. (2004). “Effect of roughness on wall-bounded turbulence.” Flow, Turbul. Combust.FTCOF9, 72(2–4), 463–492.
Braaten, D. A., Paw, U. K. T., and Shaw, R. H. (1990). “Particle resuspension in a turbulent boundary layer—Observed and modeled.” J. Aerosol Sci.JALSB7, 21(5), 613–628.
Bridge, J. S., and Best, J. L. (1988). “Flow, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper-stage plane beds: Implications for the formation of planar laminae.” SedimentologySEDIAT, 35(5), 753–763.
Buschmann, M. H., Indinger, T., and Gad-el-Hak, M. (2009). “Near-wall behavior of turbulent wall-bounded flows.” Int. J. Heat Fluid FlowIJHFD2, 30(5), 993–1006.
Cao, Z. (1997). “Turbulent bursting-based sediment entrainment function.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 123(3), 233–236.
Christensen, B. A. (1975). “On the stochastic nature of scour initiation.” Proc., 16th Congress of the Int. Association for Hydraulic Research, Springer, New York, 65–72.
Christian, J. R., Verschell, M. A., Murtugudde, R., Busalacchi, A. J., and McClain, C. R. (2002). “Biogeochemical modelling of the tropical Pacific Ocean.” Deep-Sea Res., Part IIDSROEK, 49(1–3), 509–543.
Cleaver, J. W., and Yates, B. (1973). “Mechanism of detachment of colloidal particles from a flat substrate in a turbulent flow.” J. Colloid Interface Sci.JCISA5, 44(3), 464–474.
Croad, R. N. (1981). “Physics of erosion of cohesive soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Auckland, New Zealand.
Defina, A. (1996). “Traverse spacing of low-speed streaks in a channel flow over a rough bed.” Coherent flow structures in open channels, Ashworth, P. J., Bennett, S. J., Best, J. L., and McLelland, S. J., eds., Wiley, New York, 89–99.
Demare, S., Labraga, L., and Tournier, C. (1999). “Comparison and scaling of the bursting period in rough and smooth walls channel flows.” J. Fluid Eng.JFEGA4, 121(4), 735–746.
Dixit, J. G. (1982). “Resuspension potential of deposited kaolinite beds.” M.S. thesis, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Dept., Univ. of Florida, Gainsville, FL.
Gordon, C. M. (1974). “Intermittent momentum transport in a geophysical boundary layer.” NatureNATUAS, 248(5447), 392–394.
Grass, A. J. (1970). “Initial instability of fine sands.” J. Hydr. Div.JYCEAJ, 96(3), 619–632.
Grass, A. J. (1971). “Structural features of turbulent flow over smooth and rough boundaries.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 50(02), 233–255.
Grass, A. J. (1982). “The influence of boundary layer turbulence on the mechanics of sediment transport.” Proc. Euromech 156: Mechanics of Sediment Transport, Technical Univ. of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey, 3–17.
Grass, A. J., Stuart, R. J., and Mansour-Tehrani, M. (1991). “Vortical structures and coherent motion.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 336(1640), 35–65.
Grissinger, E. H., Little, W. C., and Murphey, J. B. (1981). “Erodibility of streambank materials of low cohesion.” Trans. ASAE, 24(3), 624–630.TAAEAJ
Hanson, G. J., and Simon, A. (2001). “Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA.” Hydrol. ProcessesHYPRE3, 15(1), 23–38.
Hao, L. U., Wang, B., Zhang, H., and Wang, X. (2009). “Flow visualization of effects of wall roughness elements on near wall coherent structures in a channel flow.” FLUCOME 2009, 10th Int. Conf. on Fluid Control, Measurements, and Visualization, Moscow.
Hayter, E. J. (1983). “Prediction of cohesive sediment transport in estuarial waters.” Ph.D. thesis, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Dept., Univ. of Florida, Gainsville, FL.
Heathershaw, A. D. (1979). “The turbulent structure of the bottom boundary layer in a tidal current.” Geophys. J. Int.GJINEA, 58(2), 395–430.
Huang, J., Hilldale, R. C., and Greimann, B. P. (2006). “Cohesive sediment transport.” Erosion and sedimentation manual, Chapter 4, C. T. Yang, ed., U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, DC.
Jackson, R. G. (1976). “Sedimentological and fluid-dynamic implications of the turbulent bursting phenomenon in geophysical flows.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 77(03), 531–560.
Jacobs, W., Pierre, L. H., Van Kesteren, W., and Cann, P. (2011). “Erosion threshold of sand-mud mixtures.” Cont. Shelf Res.CSHRDZ, 31(10), s14–s25.
Jain, R. K., and Kothyari, U. C. (2010). “Influence of cohesion on suspended load transport of non-uniform sediments.” J. Hydraul. Res.JHYRAF, 48(1), 33–43.
Jepsen, R., Roberts, J., and Lick, W. (1997). “Effects of bulk density on sediment erosion rates.” Water Air Soil Pollut.WAPLAC, 99(1–4), 21–23.
Julian, J. P., and Torres, R. (2006). “Hydraulic erosion of cohesive riverbanks.” GeomorphologyGEMPEZ, 76(1–2), 193–206.
Kaftori, D., Hetsroni, G., and Banerjee, S. (1995). “Particle behavior in the turbulent boundary layer. Part I: Motion, deposition, and entrainment.” Phys. FluidsPHFLE6, 7(5), 1095–1106.
Kaftori, D., Hetsroni, G., and Banerjee, S. (1997). “The effects of particles on wall structures.” Int. J. Multiphase FlowIJMFBP, 3(24), 359–386.
Kandiah, J. P. (1974). “Fundamental aspects of surface erosion of cohesive soils.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Keen, T. R., and Furukawa, Y. (2007). “A modular entrainment model for cohesive sediments.” Estuarine and Coastal Fine Sediment Dynamics; INTERCOH 2003, Maa, J. P.-Y, Sanford, L. P., and Schoelhamer, D. H., eds., Elsevier, Boston, 189–206.
Kiger, K., and Pan, C. (2002). “Suspension and turbulence modification effects of solid particulates on a horizontal turbulent channel flow.” J. Turbul., 3(19), 1–21.JTOUAO
Kim, H. T., Kline, S. J., and Reynolds, W. C. (1971). “The production of turbulence near a smooth wall in a turbulent boundary layer.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 50(1), 133–160.
Kline, S. J., Reynolds, W. C., Schraub, F. A., and Runstadler, P. W. (1967). “The structure of turbulent boundary layers,” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 30(4), 741–743.
Kranenberg, C. (1994). “The fractal structure of cohesive sediments.” Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.ECSSD3, 39(6), 451–460.
Lapointe, M. (1993). “Monitoring alluvial sand suspension by eddy correlation.” Earth Surf. Processes LandformsESPLDB, 18(2), 157–177.
Lee, J. H., Lee, S. H., Kim, K., and Sung, H. J. (2009). “Structure of the turbulent boundary layer over a rod-roughened wall.” Int. J. Heat Fluid FlowIJHFD2, 30(6), 1087–1098.
Lelouvetel, J., Bigillon, F., Doppler, D., Vinkovic, I., and Champagne, J.-Y. (2009). “Experimental investigation of ejections and sweeps involved in particle suspension.” Water Resour. Res., 45(2), 1–15.WRERAQ
Lin, M. Y., Lindsay, H. M., Weitz, D. A., Ball, R. C., Klein, R., and Meakin, P. (1990). “Universal reaction-limited colloid aggregation.” Phys. Rev. APLRAAN, 41(4), 2005–2020.
Liou, Y. D. (1970). “Hydraulic erodability of two pure clay systems.” Ph.D dissertation, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO.
Luchick, T. S., and Tiederman, W. G. (1987). “Timescale and structure of ejections and bursts in turbulent channel flows.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 174, 529–552.
Mao, Y., Yang, H., and Yuan, X. M. (2002). “Bed surface roughness and bursting phenomena in open channels.” J. Hydrodyn.JOUHEI, 6, 53–59 (in Chinese).
Marchioli, C., and Soldati, A. (2002). “Mechanisms for particle transfer and segregation in turbulent boundary layer.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 468, 283–315.
Meakin, P. (1988). “Fractal aggregates.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 28, 294–331.ACISB9
Mehta, A. J., Hayter, E. J., Parker, W. R., Krone, R. B., and Teeter, A. M. (1989). “Cohesive sediment transport I: Process description.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 115(8), 1076–1093.
Metzger, M., McKeon, B., and Arce-Larreta, E. (2010). “Scaling the characteristic time of the bursting process in the turbulent boundary layer.” Physica D (Amsterdam)PDNPDT, 239(14), 1296–1304.
Mirtskhoulava, T. Y. (1970). “Inzhenernyie metody rascheta i prognoza vodnoi erozii.” Izd. Kolos, Moskva (in Russian).
Muller, A., and Gyr, A. (1986). “On the vortex formation in the mixing layer behind dunes.” J. Hydraul. Res.JHYRAF, 24(5), 358–375.
Nalluri, C., and Alvarez, E. M. (1992). “The influence of cohesion on sediment behavior.” Water Sci. Technol., 25(8), 151–164.WSTED4
Nearing, M. A. (1991). “A probability model of soil detachment by shallow turbulent flow.” Trans. ASAE, 34, 81–85.TAAEAJ
Nearing, M. A., and Parker, S. C. (1994). “Detachment of soil by flowing water under turbulent and laminar conditions.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.SSSJD4, 58(6), 1612–1614.
Nezu, I., and Nakagawa, H. (1993). “Turbulence in open-channel flows.” International Association of Hydraulic Research monograph series, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Niño, Y., and García., M. H. (1996). “Experiments on particle-turbulence interactions in the near wall region of an open channel flow: Implications for sediment transport.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 326(-1), 285–319.
Otsubo, K., and Muraoka, K. (1988). “Critical shear stress of cohesive bottom sediments.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 114(10), 1241–1256.
Parchure, T. (1984). “Erosion behavior of deposited cohesive sediments.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Parchure, T. M., and Mehta, A. J. (1985). “Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 111(10), 1308–1326.
Partheniades, E. (1965). “Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils.” J. Hydr. Div.JYCEAJ, 91(1), 105–139.
Partheniades, E. (1984). “A fundamental framework for cohesive sediment transport.” Lecture notes on coastal and estuarine studies, Mehta, A. J., ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 219–250.
Pierce, J. W., and Siegel, F. (1979). “Particulate material suspended in estuarine and oceanic water.” Scanning Electron Microsc.SEMYBL, 1(X), 555–562.
Rao, K. N., Narasimha, R., and Badri Narayanan, M. A. (1971). “The bursting phenomenon in a turbulent boundary layer.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 48(2), 339–352.
Rashidi, M., and Banerjee, S. (1990). “The effect of boundary conditions and shear rate on streak formation and breakdown in turbulent channel Flow.” Phys. Fluids APFADEB, 2(10), 1827–1838.
Raudkivi, A. J., and Tan, S. K. (1984). “Erosion of cohesive soils.” J. Hydraul. Res.JHYRAF, 22(4), 217–233.
Sanford, L., and Maa, J. P. Y. (2001). “A unified erosion formulation for fine sediments.” Mar. Geol.MAGEA6, 179(1–2), 9–23.
Sargunam, A. (1973). “Influence of mineralogy, pore fluid composition, and structure on the erosion of cohesive soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California at Davis, Davis, CA.
Sechet, P., and Le Guennec, B. L. (1999). “Bursting phenomenon and incipient motion of solid particles in bed-load transport.” J. Hydraul. Res.JHYRAF, 37(5), 683–705.
Shah, D., and Antonia, R. A. (1989). “Scaling of the bursting period in turbulent boundary layer and duct flows.” Phys. Fluids APFADEB, 1(2), 318–325.
Sharif, A. R. (2003). “Critical shear stress and erosion of cohesive soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Shi, Z., Ren, L. E., and Hamilton, L. J. (1999). “Acoustic profiling of fine suspension concentration in the Changjiang estuary.” EstuariesESTUDO, 22(3A), 648–656.
Sidorchuk, A. (2005). “Stochastic modelling of erosion and deposition in cohesive soils.” Hydrol. ProcessesHYPRE3, 19(7), 1399–1417.
Sidorchuk, A. (2009). “A third generation erosion model: The combination of probabilistic and deterministic components.” GeomorphologyGEMPEZ, 110(1–2) 2–10.
Simon, A., and Curini, A. (1998). “Pore pressure and bank stability: The influence of matric suction.” Hydraulic engineering 98, Abt, S., ed., ASCE, New York, 353–363.
Soldati, A., and Marchioli, C. (2009). “Physics and modeling of turbulent particle deposition and entrainment: Review of the a systematic study.” Int. J. Multiphase FlowIJMFBP, 35(9), 827–839.
Sumer, B. M., and Deigaard, R. (1981). “Particle motions near the bottom in turbulent flow in an open channel: Part 2.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 109(-1), 311–337.
Tambo, N., and Watanabe, Y. (1979). “Physical characteristics of flocs-I. The floc density function and aluminum floc.” Water Res.WATRAG, 13(5), 409–413.
Thomsen, L., and Gust, G. (2000). “Sediment erosion thresholds and characteristics of resuspended aggregates on the western European continental margin.” Deep Sea Res. Part I, 47(10), 1881–1897.
Thorne, C. R. (1982). “Processes and mechanisms of river bank erosion.” Sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers, Hey, R. D., Thorne, C. R., and Bathurst, J. C., eds., Wiley, Chichester, UK, 227–259.
Vinkovic, I., Doppler, D., Lelouvetel, J., and Buffat, M. (2011). “Direct numerical simulation of particle interaction with ejections in turbulent channel flows.” Int. J. Multiphase FlowIJMFBP, 37(2), 187–197.
Wang, Z. Y., Larsen, P., Nestmann, F., and Dittrich, A. (1995). “Resistance and drag reduction of flows of clay suspension.” J. Hydraul. Eng.JHEND8, 124(1), 41–50.
Wen, H. Y., Kasper, G., and Udischas, R. (1989). “Short and long term particle release from surfaces under the influence of gas flow.” J. Aerosol Sci.JALSB7, 20(8), 923–926.
Willmarth, W. W., and Lu, S. (1972). “Structure of Reynolds stress near the wall.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 55(01), 65–92.
Willmarth, W. W., and Sharma, L. K. (1984). “Study of turbulent structure with hot wires smaller than the viscous length.” J. Fluid Mech.JFLSA7, 142(-1), 121–149.
Yuan, Y., Wei, H., Zhao, L., and Cao, Y. (2009). “Implications of intermittent turbulent bursts for sediment resuspension in a coastal bottom boundary layer: A field study in the western Yellow Sea, China Marine.” Geology, 263, 87–96.GLGYBA
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 7 • July 2012
Pages: 581 - 590
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 11, 2010
Accepted: Jan 3, 2012
Published online: Jan 5, 2012
Published in print: Jul 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.