Runoff Mitigation by Underdrained Permeable Pavements in Shallow Groundwater Environments: A Field Investigation
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 7
Abstract
Permeable pavements equipped with an underdrain are one of the most widely used and efficient types of green infrastructure. They can greatly reduce, delay, and retain surface runoff, given their high surface infiltration rate and storage volume; however, their performance in shallow groundwater environments is poorly understood. Based on the monitoring data of three underdrained permeable pavements in Hong Kong collected from April to November 2017, this study demonstrates and quantifies the impact of shallow groundwater on the hydrologic performance of permeable pavements. All of the permeable pavements achieved 70%–100% and 90%–100% in peak and volume reductions of surface runoff, respectively, for 90% of the rainfall events, even after 1 year of service without maintenance. However, 4,000–10,000 mm of extraneous water—equivalent to three to six times the rainfall depth during the monitoring period—entered the reservoirs of two pavements and was discharged through their underdrains. The drawdown times of these two pavements, both of which were equipped with underdrains, were and for 35% and 20% of the rainfall events, respectively. Underdrains did not reduce drawdown times; instead, they discharged the extraneous water from the subsurface into the sewer system. These findings demonstrate the deficiency of underdrains and the need for careful underdrain design for permeable pavements in shallow groundwater environments. In areas of shallow groundwater, detailed site investigations are recommended. Underdrains, when needed, should be elevated and installed with flow restrictors to restrict their maximum outflow and to strike a balance between drawdown time and underdrain outflow volume. The technical design of the underdrain is demonstrated to be a key factor for green infrastructure in shallow groundwater environments; it should be more highlighted and detailed in the design guidance of green infrastructure.
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Data Availability Statement
All data generated or used during the study are proprietary or confidential in nature and may not be provided. Codes used to identify rainfall events and calculate hydrologic indicators are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Porous Pavement Hydrological Monitoring and Experiments (Contract No. SPW 01/2016) of Drainage Services Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. Viewpoints expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect policy or otherwise of the funding agency. Special thanks are extended to Kevin Ka Yang Cheng and Man Nin Chris Lau from AECOM, Lau Wing Wah, Konica Cheung, Ruby Hu, and Michael Leung from the Drainage Services Department, and Ziwen An, Ken Lee, and Chak Hong Tong from the University of Hong Kong who contributed substantially during the field monitoring.
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Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 7 • July 2022
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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: May 13, 2021
Accepted: Feb 28, 2022
Published online: Apr 27, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Sep 27, 2022
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