Experimental Analysis of Water Evaporation Inhibition of Plain Reservoirs in Inland Arid Area with Light Floating Balls and Floating Plates in Xinjiang, China
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 2
Abstract
To reduce the ineffective evaporation of plain reservoirs in inland arid areas and improve the effective utilization of reservoirs, this work uses floating plates and floating balls as the main covering materials to reduce water surface evaporation. This paper investigates the motion characteristics of two covering materials with different structures under wind and waves through laboratory and field experiments. It analyzes the relation of evaporation inhibition rate of the floating plates and its area and thickness, and adopts the method of adding a counterweight to solve the problem of irregular rotation and easily rolling of the floating balls (the floating ball that serves as the added counterweight is called a tumbler floating ball). Then, it discusses the influence of diameter, counterweight, density, and type of the floating ball on evaporation inhibition rate by using the orthogonal design method and establishes a calculation equation of the water surface evaporation inhibition rate, which is applicable to the experiment area. Results show that: (1) the evaporation inhibition rate of the floating plates is positively correlated with the surface area and thickness, and (2) the influence degree of the four factors on the evaporation rate of the floating balls is diameter > counterweight > density > type of floating balls.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, equations, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Autonomous Region University Research Program Key Projects (XJEDU2016I022). The study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of the results are exclusively those of the authors.
References
Al-Adili, A., O. A. Al-Ameer, and A. Al-Sharbati. 2016. “Experimental investigation of joint filling materials performance on preventing seepage in lined open concrete canal (laboratory and field model).” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 20 (5): 1936–1947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0818-x.
Al-Hassoun, S. A., T. A. Mohammed, and J. Nurdin. 2009. “Evaporation reduction from Impounding Reservoirs in Arid Areas Using plam leaves.” J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 4 (4): 247–250.
Alvarez, V. M., A. Baille, J. M. M. Martinez, and M. M. Gonzalez-Real. 2006. “Efficiency of shading materials in reducing evaporation from free water surfaces.” Agric. Water Manage. 84 (3): 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.02.006.
Aminzadeh, M., P. Lehmann, and D. Or. 2018. “Evaporation suppression and energy balance of water reservoirs covered with self-assembling floating elements.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 22 (7): 4015–4032. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4015-2018.
Assouline, S., K. Narkis, and D. Or. 2010. “Evaporation from partially covered water surfaces.” Water Resour. Res. 46 (10): W10539. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009121.
Assouline, S., K. Narkis, and D. Or. 2011. “Evaporation suppression from water reservoirs: Efficiency considerations of partial covers.” Water Resour. Res. 47 (7): W07506. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009889.
Barnes, G. T. 2008. “The potential for monolayers to reduce the evaporation of water from large water storages.” Agric. Water Manage. 95 (4): 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.12.003.
Benzaghta, M. A., T. A. Mohammed, A. H. Ghazali, and M. A. M. Soom. 2013. “Testing of evaporation reduction methods in humid climates.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Manage. 166 (4): 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.11.00053.
Brandle, J. R., L. Hodges, and X. H. Zhou. 2004. “Windbreaks in North American agricultural systems.” Agrofor. Syst. 61–62 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028990.31801.62.
Cleugh, H. A. 1998. “Effects of windbreaks on airflow, microclimates and crop yields.” Agrofor. Syst. 41 (1): 55–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006019805109.
Ding, C. 1988. “Analysis of the influence of aquatic plants on water surface evaporation.” Gansu Water Conservancy Hydropower Technol. 45 (1).
Herzig, M. A., G. T. Barnes, and I. R. Gentle. 2011. “Improved spreading rates for monolayers applied as emulsions to reduce water evaporation.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 357 (1): 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.071.
Hipsey, M. R., M. Sivapalan, and T. P. Clement. 2004. “A numerical and field investigation of surface heat fluxes from small wind-sheltered waterbodies in semi-arid western Australia.” Environ. Fluid Mech. 4 (1): 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025547707198.
Jiang, H. B., K. Tang, and X. L. He. 2015. “Experimental studies on reduction of evaporation from plain reservoirs in drought areas by benzene board covering technology.” J. Coastal Res. 73 (10073): 177–182. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI73-031.1.
Malik, A., A. S. Shakir, M. J. Naveedullah, M. L. Khan, M. S. Khattak, and T. A. Khan. 2018. “Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and mulching on sugar beet productivity in Pakistan.” Pak. J. Bot. 50 (5): 1775–1783.
Messing, I., M. Afors, K. Radkvist, and E. Lewan. 1998. “Influence of shelterbelt type on potential evaporation in an arid environment.” Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. 12 (2): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324989809381503.
Miao, Q. F., H. B. Shi, J. M. Goncalves, and L. S. Pereira. 2015. “Field assessment of basin irrigation performance and water saving in Hetao, Yellow River basin: Issues to support irrigation systems modernisation.” Biosyst. Eng. 136 (Aug): 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.05.010.
Namioka, T., K. Yoshikawa, M. Takeshita, and K. Fujiwara. 2012. “Commercial-scale demonstration of pollutant emission reduction and energy saving for industrial boilers by employing water/oil emulsified fuel.” Appl. Energy 93 (May): 517–522.
Pan, G., J. Jiao, Z. Li, and S. Liu. 2017. “Driving effects on change in water intake of industrial output increase of ten thousand Yuan and driving type.” Eng. J. Wuhan Univ. 50 (3): 359–367. https://doi.org/10.14188/j.1671-8844.2017-03-007.
Rui, M., and G. Junfeng. 1996. “Water Evaporation from Various water surface.” Ocenologia Et Limologia Sinica 27 (4).
Ruskowitz, J. A., F. Suarez, S. W. Tyler, and A. E. Childress. 2014. “Evaporation suppression and solar energy collection in a salt-gradient solar pond.” Sol. Energy 99 (Jan): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.10.035.
Saggai, S., D. Boutoutaou, and M. L. Saker. 2016. “Reduction of evaporation of open water reservoirs: A strategy for increasing water stocks in Algerian arid areas.” Hydrol. Sci. J. 61 (8): 1548–1554. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.988156.
Sudmeyer, R. A., and P. R. Scott. 2002. “Characterisation of a windbreak system on the south coast of western Australia. I: Microclimate and wind erosion.” Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 42 (6): 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA02007.
Sun, Q. 1998. “Analysis of the influence of aquatic plants on water surface evaporation.” Hydrology 3: 26–28. https://doi.org/10.19797/j.cnki.1000-0852.1988.03.006.
Torabi, M., D. J. Midmore, K. B. Walsh, S. P. Bhattarai, and L. Tait. 2013. “Analysis of factors affecting the availability of air bubbles to subsurface drip irrigation emitters during oxidation.” Irrig. Sci. 31 (4): 621–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0337-1.
Watras, C. J., K. A. Morrison, and J. L. Rubsam. 2016. “Effect of DOC on evaporation from small Wisconsin lakes.” J. Hydrol. 540 (Sep): 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.002.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 26 • Issue 2 • February 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 7, 2019
Accepted: Aug 27, 2020
Published online: Nov 19, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 19, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.