Designating Restricted Areas around Drinking Water Sources through an Index-Based Spatial Approach
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 19, Issue 5
Abstract
The design of protection/restriction zones around drinking water bodies is not a simple task, as there are many processes that govern transfer of pollutants in corresponding catchments. The width of the protected area is one of the basic factors to be considered when setting up and managing the zones. The presented approach provides a practical methodology for deciding on an optimum protection distance. Its most distinctive outcome is the feasibility of defining protection zones of variable distances for the applications in different catchments, all based on a single scientific reasoning. It basically considers flow travel times within protection zones, subsurface buffer depths, potential diffuse pollution risks from land uses, sediment-bound pollution, and the total utility of land as a resource. Different weighting schemes for merging various factors together and associated sensitivities on the outputs are further examined for providing more realistic assessments than the equiponderant use of the distinctively significant components. By virtue of an unsymmetrical weighting biased more towards the protective parameters, the protection boundary appears essentially to be located at a distance of 5.3 km from the reservoir in the case of Çamlı reservoir catchment under study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Benaman, J. (1996). Modeling of dissolved oxygen in the Houston ship channel using WASP5 and geographic information systems, Center for Research in Water Resources, Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX.
Bolado-Lavin, R., Castaings, W., and Tarantola, S. (2009). “Contribution to the sample mean plot for graphical and numerical sensitivity analysis.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 94(6), 1041–1049.
Chen, H., El Garouani, A., and Lewis, L. A. (2008). “Modelling soil erosion and deposition within a Mediterranean mountainous environment utilizing remote sensing and GIS–Wadi Tlata, Morocco.” Geographica Helvetica, 63(1), 36–47.
Cooke, G. D., Welch, E. B., Peterson, S. A., and Nichols, S. A. (2005). Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs, CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
Correll, D. L. (1996). “Buffer zones and water quality protection: general principles.” Buffer zones: Their processes and potential in water protection, Proc., Int. Conf. on Buffer Zones, Quest Environmental, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, U.K., 7–20.
Do, H. T., Lo, S. L., Chiueh, P. T., and Thi, L. A. P. (2012). “Design of sampling locations for mountainous river monitoring.” Environ. Modell. Software, 27–28, 62–70.
Eastman, J. R. (2009). IDRISI Taiga: Guide to GIS and ımage processing, Clark Labs, Clark Univ., Worcester, MA.
European Commission. (2007). “Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an ınfrastructure for spatial ınformation in the European Community (INSPIRE).” Off. J. Eur. Union, 108, 1–4.
Food, and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (1996). “Control of water pollution from agriculture.”, Rome.
Food, and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2001). “Dams, fish and fisheries: Opportunities, challenges and conflict resolution.” Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 419, G. Marmulla, ed., Rome.
Gül, A., Fistikoglu, O., and Harmancioglu, N. (2010). “Hydrospatial approach to assist decision making on reservoir protection zones.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 297–307.
Harper, D. M., Brierley, B., Ferguson, A. J. D., and Phillips, G., eds. (1999). The ecological bases for lake and reservoir management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Joint Research Centre (JRC). (2005). Image2000 and CLC2000 products and methods, M. Vanda Nunes de Lima, ed., European Commision Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Land Management Unit, Ispra, Italy.
Jørgensen, E., Löffler, H., Rast, W., and Straškraba, M., eds. (2005). Lake and reservoir management, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Lin, C. Y., Chou, W. C., and Lin, W. T. (2002). “Modeling the width and placement of riparian vegetated buffer strips: A case study on the Chi-Jia-Wang stream, Taiwan.” J. Environ. Manage., 66(3), 269–280.
Lootsma, F. A. (1999). Multi-criteria decision analysis via ratio and difference judgement, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and multicriteria decision analysis, Wiley, New York, NY.
Narumalani, S., Zhou, Y. C., and Jensen, J. R. (1997). “Application of remote sensing and geographic information systems to the delineation and analysis of riparian buffer zones.” Aquat. Bot., 58(3–4), 393–409.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). (1986). “Urban hydrology for small watersheds.” Technical Release 55, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). (2009). “Buffer strips: Common sense conservation.” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 〈http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/FEATURE/buffers〉 (Dec. 10, 2009).
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). (2010). “Time of concentration.” Chapter 15, National engineering handbook, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Newell, C. J., Rifai, H. S., and Bedient, P. B. (1992). “Characterization of non-point sources and loadings to Galveston Bay.” Publication GBNEP-15, Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, Webster, TX.
Ripa, M. N., Leone, A., Garnier, M., and Lo Porto, A. (2006). “Agricultural land use and best management practices to control nonpoint water pollution.” Environ. Manage., 38(2), 253–266.
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting and resource allocation, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Saaty, T. L., and Vargas, L. G. (2012). Models, methods, concepts & applications of the analytic hierarchy process, Springer, New York.
Samoylenko, V. M., and Tavrov, Y. S. (1997). “The establishment of water protection zones for water quality improvement in river basins.” Proc., Rabat Symp. S4, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 243, IAHS Press, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, U.K., 385–391.
Sinclair, J. (1993). Response to the PSACOIN level S exercise. PSACOIN level S intercomparison, Nuclear Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
Tarantola, S., Kopustinskas, V., Bolado-Lavin, R., Kaliatka, A., Ušpuras, E., and Vaišnoras, M. (2012). “Sensitivity analysis using contribution to sample variance plot: Application to a water hammer model.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 99, 62–73.
Whipple, W. (1993). “Buffer zones around water-supply reservoirs.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 495–499.
Wischmeier, W. H., and Smith, D. D. (1978). “Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning.” USDA-ARS agriculture handbook, No. 537, Washington, DC.
Zăvoianu, I. (1985). Morphometry of drainage basins, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 19 • Issue 5 • May 2014
Pages: 931 - 942
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 19, 2012
Accepted: Jul 2, 2013
Published online: Jul 4, 2013
Discussion open until: Dec 4, 2013
Published in print: May 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.