Finite-Element Investigation of Excavation-Induced Settlements of Buildings and Buried Pipelines
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 10
Abstract
Excavation-induced ground movements can have a detrimental influence on adjacent structures and services. These complex soil–structure interactions are affected by a range of factors such as ground conditions, excavation sequence, and the characteristics of the structures. Considerable prior research has been concerned with understanding the ground response during excavation and in evaluating the potential damage to adjacent facilities. A number of case histories have been reported worldwide. Finite-element analysis can be effective in providing insight into the response of the ground and adjacent structures during the entire construction process. Previous studies have shown that observed excavation behavior (e.g., ground movements and retaining wall deformations) can be captured reasonably well in finite-element analysis, provided that certain key modeling aspects are appropriately addressed. This paper extends a previous deep excavation case study in greenfield conditions (i.e., without adjacent buildings and utilities included in the analysis), focusing particularly on the excavation-induced settlements of nearby buildings and buried pipelines. Sensitivity analyses have been conducted to investigate the effects of several aspects on the computed settlements of buildings and pipelines, such as (1) building weight, (2) building stiffness, (3) building foundation type, (4) ground improvement measures, and (5) geometries and material properties of pipelines. Conclusions are drawn for future applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some data, models, and code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Acknowledgments
The first author was supported by the China Scholarship Council to study at Oxford University. The field measurements were conducted by Dr. Z. H. Xu, who also analyzed the initial data.
References
Amorosi, A., D. Boldini, G. De Felice, M. Malena, and M. Sebastianelli. 2014. “Tunnelling-induced deformation and damage on historical masonry structures.” Géotechnique 64 (2): 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.032.
Blackburn, J. T., and R. J. Finno. 2007. “Three-dimensional responses observed in an internally braced excavation in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (11): 1364–1373. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:11(1364).
Boscardin, M. D., and E. J. Cording. 1989. “Building response to excavation-induced settlement.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1).
Burd, H. J., G. T. Houlsby, C. E. Augarde, and G. Liu. 2000. “Modelling tunnelling-induced settlement of masonry buildings.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 143 (1): 17–29.
Burland, J. B., M. Jamiolkowski, and C. Viggiani. 2003. “The stabilisation of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.” Soils Found. 43 (5): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.5_63.
Clough, G. W., and T. D. O’Rourke. 1990. Construction induced movements of insitu walls. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.
Crofts, J. E., B. K. Menzies, and A. I. Tarzi. 1977. “Lateral displacement of shallow buried pipelines due to adjacent deep trench excavations.” Géotechnique 27 (2): 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1977.27.2.161.
Dong, Y. 2014. “Advanced finite element analysis of deep excavation case histories.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering Science, Univ. of Oxford.
Dong, Y., H. J. Burd, and G. T. Houlsby. 2016. “Finite-element analysis of a deep excavation case history.” Géotechnique 66 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.14.P.234.
Dong, Y., H. J. Burd, and G. T. Houlsby. 2017. “Finite element study of deep excavation construction processes.” Soils Found. 57 (6): 965–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.024.
Dong, Y., H. J. Burd, and G. T. Houlsby. 2018. “Finite element parametric study of the performance of a deep excavation.” Soils Found. 58 (3): 729–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.03.006.
Finno, R. J., S. Bryson, and M. Calvello. 2002. “Performance of a stiff support system in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (8): 660–671. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(660).
Franzius, J. N., D. M. Potts, T. I. Addenbrooke, and J. B. Burland. 2004. “The influence of building weight on tunnelling-induced ground and building deformation.” Soils Found. 44 (1): 25–38.
Goh, K. H., and R. J. Mair. 2014. “Response of framed buildings to excavation-induced movements.” Soils Found. 54 (3): 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.002.
Hou, Y., Q. Fang, D. Zhang, and L. N. Y. Wong. 2015. “Excavation failure due to pipeline damage during shallow tunnelling in soft ground.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 46 (Feb): 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.11.004.
Houlsby, G. T. 1999. “A model for the variable stiffness of undrained clay.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Pre-Failure Deformations of Soil, 443–450. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Jeong Woo, S., K. Oon Young, C. Choong Ki, and K. Myoung Mo. 2001. “Evaluation of ground and building settlement near braced excavation sites by model testing.” Can. Geotech. J. 38 (5): 1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-056.
Klar, A. 2018. “Elastic continuum solution for tunneling effects on buried pipelines using fourier expansion.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (9): 04018062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001945.
Klar, A., T. E. B. Vorster, K. Soga, and R. J. Mair. 2005. “Soil-pipe interaction due to tunnelling: Comparison between Winkler and elastic continuum solutions.” Géotechnique 55 (6): 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.6.461.
Kog, Y. C. 2010. “Buried pipeline response to braced excavation movements.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 24 (3): 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000087.
Long, M. 2001. “Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (3): 203–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203).
Marshall, A. M., A. Klar, and R. J. Mair. 2010. “Tunneling beneath buried pipes: View of soil strain and its effect on pipeline behavior.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (12): 1664–1672. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000390.
Nath, P. 1983. “Trench excavation effects on adjacent buried pipes: Finite element study.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (11): 1399–1415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:11(1399).
O’Rourke, T. D. 2010. “Geohazards and large, geographically distributed systems.” Géotechnique 60 (7): 505–543. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2010.60.7.505.
O’Rourke, T. D., and C. J. O’Donnell. 1997. “Field behavior of excavation stabilized by deep soil mixing.” J. Geotech. Eng. 123 (6): 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1997)123:6(516.
O’Rourke, T. D., H. E. Stewart, and S. S. Jeon. 2001. “Geotechnical aspects of lifeline engineering.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 149 (1): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2001.149.1.13.
Ou, C. Y., J. T. Liao, and W. L. Cheng. 2000. “Building response and ground movements induced by a deep excavation.” Géotechnique 50 (3): 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.3.209.
Ou, C. Y., J. T. Liao, and H. D. Lin. 1998. “Performance of diaphragm wall constructed using top-down method.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (9): 798–808. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(798).
Peck, R. B. 1969. “Deep excavation & tunneling in soft ground.” In State of the art report, VII Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Mecanica.
Son, M., and E. J. Cording. 2005. “Estimation of building damage due to excavation-induced ground movements.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(162).
Son, M., and E. J. Cording. 2007. “Evaluation of building stiffness for building response analysis to excavation-induced ground movements.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (8): 995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:8(995).
Son, M., and E. J. Cording. 2008. “Numerical model tests of building response to excavation-induced ground movements.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (11): 1611–1621. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-074.
Tan, Y., and Y. Lu. 2018. “Responses of shallowly buried pipelines to adjacent deep excavations in Shanghai soft ground.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 9 (2): 05018002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000310.
Tan, Y., and B. Wei. 2012. “Observed behaviors of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover technique in Shanghai soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (1): 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000553.
Tanaka, H. 1993. “Behavior of braced excavations stabilized by deep mixing method.” Soils Found. 33 (2): 105–115. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.33.2_105.
Wong, I. H., and T. Y. Poh. 2000. “Effects of jet grouting on adjacent ground and structures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (3): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:3(247).
Xu, Z. H. 2007. “Deformation behaviour of deep excavations supported by permanent structure in Shanghai soft deposit.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.
Yiu, W. N., H. J. Burd, and C. M. Martin. 2017. “Finite-element modelling for the assessment of tunnel-induced damage to a masonry building.” Géotechnique 67 (9): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.sip17.P.249.
Zdravkovic, L., D. M. Potts, and H. D. St. John. 2005. “Modelling of a 3D excavation in finite element analysis.” Géotechnique 55 (7): 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.7.497.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 10 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 21, 2021
Accepted: May 16, 2022
Published online: Jul 19, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 19, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jinyan Zhao, Stefan Ritter, Matthew J. DeJong, Framework to Enable Regional 3D Probabilistic Assessment of Excavation Induced Structural Damage Using a Monte-Carlo Method, Geo-Risk 2023, 10.1061/9780784484982.004, (33-41), (2023).