Open access
Case Studies
Feb 17, 2022

Evaluating Uncertainty Associated with Engineering Judgement in Predicting the Lateral Response of Conductors

This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLY
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLY
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 5

Abstract

This paper presents the results from a prediction event, organized by the University of Western Australia (UWA) and the National Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility (NGCF), and performed as part of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics to assess uncertainty in predicting the monotonic and cyclic lateral response of conductors. Geotechnical professionals from around the world were invited to predict the response of a model conductor (a flexible pile) subjected to a series of loading sequences in a centrifuge. A normally consolidated fine-grained soil was used in the tests, which was characterized by soil elements and in-flight T-bar penetrometer testing. While some participants provided accurate predictions, the mean response was an overestimate of the monotonic and cyclic load at the pile head, which was significant for large and very small displacements. An analysis of the submissions is presented to quantify the variability of the predictions received, assess the consequences of each design, and relay the uncertainty associated with engineering judgment in design.

Formats available

You can view the full content in the following formats:

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are proprietary or confidential in nature and may only be provided with restrictions (e.g. anonymized data). A brief of the cyclic loading prediction event with part of the information provided to the participants can be accessed in: https://www.isfog2020.org/sites/isfog.asce.org/2020/files/inline-files/ISFOG%20conductor%20prediction%20event_V1.0.pdf.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants for their contribution and the organizers of ISFOG (2020) for their support of this prediction event. The first author is supported by the ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Offshore Floating Facilities which is funded by the Australian Research Council, Shell Australia, Woodside Energy, Bureau Veritas, and Lloyd’s Register (IH140100012). The fourth author leads the Shell Chair in Offshore Engineering research team at the University of Western Australia, which is sponsored by Shell Australia. The UWA authors thank the NGCF team for their support with this challenging test campaign.

References

Ahmed, Q., C. P. Aubeny, and O. Komolafe. 2020. “Degrading p-y spring model for laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” In Proc., 4th Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics ISFOG 2020, 1–10. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas.
Andersen, K. H. 2015. “Cyclic soil parameters for offshore foundation design.” In Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III. London: Taylor and Francis Group.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2011. Geotechnical and foundation design considerations. API recommended practice 2GEO geotechnical and foundation design considerations. Washington, DC: API.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2014. Recommended practice for geotechnical and foundation design considerations. API RP 2GEO. Washington, DC: API.
Asaoka, A. 1978. “Observational procedure of settlement prediction.” Soils Found. 18 (4): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.18.4_87.
Doherty, J. 2017. “A web based application for the lateral analysis of pile (LAP) foundations.” In Proc., ASME 2017 36th Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 9: Offshore Geotechnics. Trondheim, Norway: ASME.
Doherty, J. P., S. Gourvenec, and F. M. Gaone. 2018. “Insights from a shallow foundation load-settlement prediction exercise.” Comput. Geotech. 93 (Jan): 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.05.009.
Einav, I., and M. F. Randolph. 2005. “Combining upper bound and strain path methods for evaluating penetration resistance.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 63 (14): 1991–2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1350.
ISFOG (International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics). 2020. “Cyclic loading prediction event flyer.” Accessed January 15, 2020. https://www.isfog2020.org/sites/isfog.asce.org/2020/files/inline-files/ISFOG%20conductor%20prediction%20event_V1.0.pdf.
Jeanjean, P. 2009. “Re-assessment of P-Y curves for soft clays from centrifuge testing and finite element modeling.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Jeanjean, P., Y. Zhang, A. Zakeri, K. H. Andersen, R. Gilbert, and A. Senanayake. 2017. “A framework for monotonic p-y curves in clay.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. of Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics, 108–141. London: Society for Underwater Technology.
Komolafe, O., and C. Aubeny. 2020. “A p-y analysis of laterally loaded offshore-well conductors and piles installed in normally consolidated to lightly overconsolidated clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (6): 04020033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002249.
Murff, J. D., and J. M. Hamilton. 1993. “P-ultimate for undrained analysis of laterally loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:1(91).
Randolph, M. F., R. J. Jewell, K. J. L. Stone, and T. A. Brown. 1991. “Establishing a new centrifuge facility.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Centrifuge 91, 3–9. Crawley, Australia: Univ. of Western Australia.
Reese, L. C., and R. Welch. 1975. “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (7): 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000177.
Sowers, G. 1993. “Human factor in civil and geotechnical engineering failures.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (2): 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(238).
Stewart, D. P., and M. F. Randolph. 1991. “A new site investigation tool for the centrifuge.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Centrifuge ’91, 531–538. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
Van Dijk, B. F. J., and A. G. Yetginer. 2015. “Findings of the ISSMGE jack-up leg penetration prediction event.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG 2015): Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III, 1267–1274. Milton Park, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Wang, L., Y. Lai, Y. Hong, and D. Mašín. 2020. “A unified lateral soil reaction model for monopiles in soft clay considering various length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios.” Ocean Eng. 212 (Sep): 107492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107492.
Watson, P. G., M. F. Bransby, Z. L. Delimi, C. T. Erbrich, M. F. Randolph, M. J. Rattley, M. Silva, B. Stevens, S. Thomas, and Z. Westgate. 2019. “Foundation design in offshore carbonate sediments–building on knowledge to address future challenges.” In Proc., 16th Pan-American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (16 PCSMGE), From Research to Applied Geotechnics, 240–274. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Whitman, R. 2000. “Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (7): 583–593.
Yu, J., M. Huang, S. Li, and C. F. Leung. 2017. Load-displacement and upper-bound solutions of a loaded laterally pile in clay based on a total-displacement-loading EMSD method.” Comput. Geotech. 83 (Mar): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.10.025.
Yu, J., C. F. Leung, M. Huang, and S. C. J. Goh. 2018. “Application of T-bar in numerical simulations of a monopile subjected to lateral cyclic load.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 36 (6): 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1362083.
Zakeri, A., E. C. Clukey, E. B. Kebadze, and P. Jeanjean. 2016. “Fatigue analysis of offshore well conductors: Part I—Study overview and evaluation of Series 1 centrifuge tests in normally consolidated to lightly over-consolidated kaolin clay.” Appl. Ocean Res. 57 (Apr): 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.03.002.
Zhang, Y., and K. H. Andersen. 2017. “Scaling of lateral pile p-y response in clay from laboratory stress-strain curves.” Mar. Struct. 53 (May): 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.02.002.
Zhang, Y., K. H. Andersen, P. Jeanjean, A. Mirdamadi, A. S. Gundersen, and H. P. Jostad. 2017. “A framework for cyclic p-y curves in clay and application to pile design in GoM.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf.: Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics, 108–141. London: Society for Underwater Technology.
Zhou, H., and M. F. Randolph. 2009a. “Numerical investigations into cycling of full-flow penetrometers in soft clay.” Géotechnique 59 (10): 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00200.
Zhou, H., and M. F. Randolph. 2009b. “Resistance of full-flow penetrometers in rate-dependent and strain-softening clay.” Géotechnique 59 (2): 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.00164.
Zhou, Z., C. D. O’Loughlin, D. J. White, and S. A. Stanier. 2020. “Improvements in plate anchor capacity due to cyclic and maintained loads combined with consolidation.” Géotechnique 70 (8): 732–749. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.TI.028.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148Issue 5May 2022

History

Received: Feb 23, 2021
Accepted: Dec 1, 2021
Published online: Feb 17, 2022
Published in print: May 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 17, 2022

Authors

Affiliations

Ph.D. Candidate, Oceans Graduate School, Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-9045. Email: [email protected]
J. P. Doherty [email protected]
Associate Professor, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Professor, Oceans Graduate School, Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Professor, Oceans Graduate School, Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4548-8455. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Discussion of “Modeling Lifetime Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Applications”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-12054, 150, 5, (2024).
  • Energy Response Characteristics of Laterally Loaded Piles, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8046, 23, 2, (2022).
  • A viscoplastic recoverable sensitivity model for fine-grained soils, Computers and Geotechnics, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104725, 147, (104725), (2022).

View Options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share