Uplift Behavior of Pipes and Strip Plate Anchors in Sand
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on the uplift behaviour of both pipes and strip plate anchors buried in sand. A total of 24 plane-strain uplift tests were performed using an image-based deformation measurement technique, by which the influences of anchor/pipe embedment ratio, sand relative density and pipe roughness on the load-displacement responses and associated failure and deformation mechanisms were systematically investigated. It was observed that the overall uplift responses of pipes and strip anchors were essentially similar. The peak uplift resistance of a strip anchor tended to be greater than that of a pipe at shallow depths, but the difference reduced as the sand-pipe interface frictional strength and the embedment ratio increased. Image analysis shows that the peak resistance of a shallow strip anchor/pipe was mobilised through the formation of an inverted trapezoidal block, bounded between a pair of inclined shear zones. The inclinations of the shear zones were dependent on sand dilatancy, and its average angle to the vertical for a strip anchor is slightly larger than that for a pipe. The shear zones initiate from the edges of an anchor invariably, whereas the initiation points may lie above the pipe waist, varying with sand-pipe interface conditions. These observations were used to modify a limit equilibrium method and a cavity expansion approach for predicting the peak uplift resistance of shallow pipes in sand. The modified methods were validated using a database of 125 shallow pipe uplift tests assembled from the literature. After the modifications, a good agreement with the overall database was shown, with average errors of less than 6%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request, including: all raw data from the tests, all used test results, and codes used for the image analysis.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41372300), the “Taishan” Scholar Program of Shandong Province, China (No. tsqn201909016), and the “Qilu” Scholar Program of Shandong University, under which the reported work was carried out. The second author also thanks financial support from the China Scholarship Council for his visiting study at the University of Leeds. We thank Mr. Yanjie Song and Mr. Biaodong Jia for their assistance in the tests.
References
Ansari, Y., G. P. Kouretzis, and S. W. Sloan. 2018. “Development of a prototype for modelling soil-pipe interaction and its application for predicting the uplift resistance to buried pipe movements in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (10): 1451–1474. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0559.
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Bolton, M. D. 1987. “Discussion on the strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 37 (2): 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.2.219.
Butterfield, R., and K. Andrawes. 1972. “On the angles of friction between sand and plane surfaces.” J. Terramech. 8 (4): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(72)90043-2.
Chakraborty, T., and R. Salgado. 2010. “Dilatancy and shear strength of sand at low confining pressures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (3): 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000237.
Cheuk, C. Y., D. J. White, and M. D. Bolton. 2008. “Uplift mechanisms of pipes buried in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (2): 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(154).
Chin, E. L., W. H. Craig, and M. Cruickshank. 2006. “Uplift resistance of pipelines buried in cohesionless soil.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 723–728. London: Taylor & Francis.
Das, B. M., and S. K. Shukla. 2013. Earth anchors. Plantation, FL: J. Ross Publishing.
Dickin, E. A. 1988. “Uplift behavior of horizontal anchor plates in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (11): 1300–1317. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:11(1300).
Dickin, E. A. 1994. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines in sand.” Soils Found. 34 (2): 41–48. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.2_41.
Dietz, M. S. 2000. “Developing an holistic understanding of interface friction using sand with direct shear apparatus.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Bristol.
Evans, T. M., and N. Zhang. 2019. “Three-dimensional simulations of plate anchor pullout in granular materials.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (4): 04019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001367.
Gaudin, C., M. J. Cassidy, C. D. O’Loughlin, Y. Tian, D. Wang, and S. Chow. 2017. “Recent advances in anchor design for floating structures.” Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 27 (01): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.17736/ijope.2017.jc673.
Guo, P., and D. Stolle. 2005. “Lateral pipe–soil interaction in sand with reference to scale effect.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (3): 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:3(338).
Hakhamaneshi, M., J. Black, C. Cargill, and T. Elmrom. 2016. “Development and calibration of a sand pluviation device for preparation of model sand bed for centrifuge tests.” In Proc., 3rd European Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (EUROFUGUE), 73–79. Nantes, France: French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks.
Han, F., E. Ganju, R. Salgado, and M. Prezzi. 2018. “Effects of interface roughness, particle geometry, and gradation on the sand–steel interface friction angle.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (12): 04018096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001990.
Huang, B., J. Liu, D. Ling, and Y. Zhou. 2015. “Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the study of uplift mechanisms of pipe buried in medium dense sand.” J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 5 (5): 599–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-015-0130-y.
ISO. 2017. Geotechnical investigation and testing: Identification and classification of soil: Part 2: Principles for a classification. ISO 14688-2. Geneva: ISO.
Jardine, R. J., B. M. Lehane, and S. J. Everton. 1993. “Friction coefficients for piles in sands and silts.” In Offshore site investigation and foundation behaviour, 661–677. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Society for Underwater Technology.
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and N. A. Olson. 2013. “Uplift soil–pipe interaction in granular soil.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (7): 744–753. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0357.
Lings, M. L., and M. S. Dietz. 2005. “The peak strength of sand-steel interfaces and the role of dilation.” Soils Found. 45 (6): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.45.1.
Liu, J., H. Hu, and L. Yu. 2013. “Experimental study on the pull-out performance of strip plate anchors in sand.” In Proc., 23th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Anchorage, 616–623. Mountain View, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Matyas, E. L., and J. B. Davis. 1983. “Experimental study of earth loads on rigid pipes.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (2): 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:2(202).
Merifield, R. S., and S. W. Sloan. 2006. “The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 43 (8): 852–868. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-052.
Meyerhof, G. G., and J. I. Adams. 1968. “The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations.” Can. Geotech. J. 5 (4): 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1139/t68-024.
Mo, P. Q. 2014. “Centrifuge modelling and analytical solutions for the cone penetration test in layered soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Murray, E. J., and J. D. Geddes. 1987. “Uplift of anchor plates in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 113 (3): 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:3(202).
Nyman, K. J. 1984. “Soil response against oblique motion of pipes.” J. Transp. Eng. 110 (2): 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1984)110:2(190).
Palmer, A., D. White, A. Baumgard, M. Bolton, A. Barefoot, M. Finch, T. Powell, A. Faranski, and J. Baldry. 2003. “Uplift resistance of buried submarine pipelines: Comparison between centrifuge modelling and full-scale tests.” Géotechnique 53 (10): 877–883. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.10.877.
Ravichandran, P. T., and K. Ilamparuthi. 2008. “Uplift behaviour of strip anchor in sand and reinforced sand beds.” Indian Geotech. J. 38 (2): 156–170.
Rowe, R. K., and E. H. Davis. 1982. “The behaviour of anchor plates in sand.” Géotechnique 32 (1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1982.32.1.25.
Roy, K., B. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2016. “A comparative study between lateral and upward anchor-soil and pipe-soil interaction in dense sand.” In Proc., 11th Int. Pipeline Conf., 1–7. New York: ASME.
Roy, K., B. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2018a. “Uplift failure mechanisms of pipes buried in dense sand.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (8): 04018087. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001226.
Roy, K., B. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2018b. “Upward pipe–soil interaction for shallowly buried pipelines in dense san.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (11): 04018078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001957.
Schupp, J. 2009. “Upheaval buckling and flotation of buried offshore pipelines.” Ph.D. thesis. Dept. of Engineering Science, Univ. of Oxford.
Stone, K., and T. Newson. 2006. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines: An investigation of scale effects in model tests.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 741–746. London: Taylor & Francis.
Sudevan, P. B., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2020. “Numerical study of liquefaction-induced uplift of underground structure.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (2): 06019020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001578.
Thusyanthan, N., S. Mesmar, J. Wang, and S. Haigh. 2010. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines and DNV-RP-F110 guidelines.” In Proc., Offshore Pipeline and Technology Conf., 1–20. London: IBC Energy.
Trautmann, C. H. 1983. “Behavior of pipe in dry sand under lateral and uplift loading.” Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Graduate School, Cornell Univ.
Trautmann, C. H., T. D. O’Rourfce, and F. H. Kulhawy. 1985. “Uplift force-displacement response of buried pipe.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (9): 1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1061).
Uesugi, M., and H. Kishida. 1986. “Influence factors of friction between steel and dry sands.” Soils Found. 26 (2): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.26.2_33.
Wang, J., R. Ahmed, S. K. Haigh, I. Thusyanthan, and S. Mesmar. 2010. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines at low cover-diameter ratios.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf., 1–11. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Wang, J., S. Haigh, G. Forrest, and N. Thusyanthan. 2011. “Mobilization distance for upheaval buckling of shallowly buried pipelines.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (4): 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000099.
White, D. J., A. J. Barefoot, and M. D. Bolton. 2001. “Centrifuge modelling of upheaval buckling in sand.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 1 (2): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2001.010202.
White, D. J., C. Y. Cheuk, and M. D. Bolton. 2008. “The uplift resistance of pipes and plate anchors buried in sand.” Géotechnique. 58 (10): 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.3692.
White, D. J., W. A. Take, and M. D. Bolton. 2003. “Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry.” Géotechnique 53 (7): 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619.
Williams, E. S., B. W. Byrne, and A. Blakeborough. 2013. “Pipe uplift in saturated sand: Rate and density effects.” Géotechnique 63 (11): 946–956. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.067.
Wu, J., G. P. Kouretzis, L. P. Suwal, Y. Ansari, and S. W. Sloan. 2020. “Shallow and deep failure mechanisms during uplift and lateral dragging of buried pipes in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 57 (10): 1472–1483. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0281.
Yimsiri, S., K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. Dasari, and T. O’Rourke. 2004. “Lateral and upward soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (8): 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(830).
Yue, H., P. Zhuang, H. Zhang, and X. Song. 2020. “Failure and deformation mechanisms of vertical plate anchors subjected to lateral loading in sand.” Int. J. Geomech. Eng. 20 (11): 04020210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001859.
Zhuang, P. Z., and H.-S. Yu. 2018. “Uplift resistance of horizontal strip anchors in sand: A cavity expansion approach.” Géotech. Lett. 8 (4): 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00083.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 11 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 1, 2020
Accepted: Jul 14, 2021
Published online: Sep 6, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 6, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- A. Roy, S.H. Chow, Numerical and analytical investigation on inclined plate anchors in sand, Computers and Geotechnics, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.105132, 154, (105132), (2023).
- Mansha Mushtaq, Jagdish Prasad Sahoo, Uplift capacity of strip plate anchors in unsaturated clay, Acta Geotechnica, 10.1007/s11440-023-01795-7, (2023).
- Long Yu, Chunlei Li, Hui Zhang, Jun Liu, The uplift resistance of submarine pipelines buried in medium dense sand, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112732, 266, (112732), (2022).
- Weixin Sun, Fucheng Han, Hanlong Liu, Wengang Zhang, Yanmei Zhang, Weijia Su, Songlin Liu, Determination of minimum overburden depth for underwater shield tunnel in sands: Comparison between circular and rectangular tunnels, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.09.006, (2022).
- Haojie Li, Honghu Zhu, Yuanhai Li, Chunxin Zhang, Bin Shi, Experimental study on uplift mechanism of pipeline buried in sand using high-resolution fiber optic strain sensing nerves, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.04.009, 14, 4, (1304-1318), (2022).