Technical Papers
Jul 16, 2021

Improved Relationships for the Pile Base Response in Clayey Soils

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 10

Abstract

Recent research on the topic of pile base resistance has demonstrated that the guidelines provided by existing design manuals and codes are rather conservative in the case of clayey soils under undrained conditions. With the aim of investigating this topic more rigorously, a computationally intensive study was carried out to quantify the effect of the soil rigidity index on the response of pile base resistance. A precise assessment of the results led to the formulation of hyperbolic relationships that capture the development of the base resistance as a function of settlement. The relationships were implemented in a beam column analysis and validated against a full axisymmetric numerical analysis and also with respect to field data from a pile test performed using an Osterberg cell near the pile base. The validation process demonstrated the usefulness of the method and recommendations arising with respect to mobilization of the pile base resistance. This study should, therefore, assist in the development of more scientifically based guidelines for pile design that balance safety and economy.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the University of Thessaly for the use of computer facilities and for software availability. They would like also to express their gratitude to Dr. Youngho Kim (at the University of Western Australia) and Professor P. Dakoulas (at the University of Thessaly) for their valuable contributions related to the ABAQUS analyses.

References

Amini, A., B. H. Fellenius, M. Sabbagh, E. Naaesgaard, and M. Buehler. 2008. “Pile loading tests at golden ears bridge.” In Proc., 61st Canadian Geotechnical Conf., 83–91. Edmonto, Canada: GeoEdmonton.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2003. Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms—Working stress design. Washington, DC: API.
Baguelin, F., and R. Frank. 1979. “Theoretical studies of piles using the finite element method.” In Proc., Conf. Numerical methods in offshore piling, 83–91. London: Institution of Civil Engineers.
Bishop, R. F., R. Hill, and N. F. Mott. 1945. “The theory of indentation and hardness tests.” Proc. Phys. Soc. 57 (3): 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-5309/57/3/301.
Canadian Geotechnical Society. 2006. Canadian foundation engineering manual. 4th ed. Alberta, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures—Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 1992-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chow, Y. K. 1986. “Analysis of vertically loaded pile groups.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 10 (1): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100105.
Clancy, P., and M. F. Randolph. 1996. “Simple design tools for piled raft foundations.” Géotechnique 46 (2): 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.2.313.
Comodromos, E. M., and S. V. Bareka. 2009. “Response evaluation of axially loaded fixed-head pile groups in clayey soils.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 33 (17): 1839–1865. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.787.
Comodromos, E. M., and M. C. Papadopoulou. 2012. “Response evaluation of horizontally loaded pile groups in clayey soils.” Géotechnique 62 (4): 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.045.
Comodromos, E. M., M. C. Papadopoulou, and L. Laloui. 2016. “Contribution to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (4): 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0251.
DGG (Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik). 2012. Empfehluhgen des Arbeitskreises Pfähle EA-Pfähle. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn.
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2005. Ground-Verification of the safety of earthworks and foundations. Berlin: DIN.
Edwards, D. H., L. Zdravkovic, and D. M. Potts. 2005. “Depth factors for undrained bearing capacity.” Géotechnique 55 (10): 755–758. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.10.755.
Fleming, K., A. Weltman, M. Randolph, and K. Elson. 2009. Piling engineering. 3rd ed. London: Taylor & Francis.
Gibson, R. E. 1950. “Correspondence.” J. Inst. Civ. Eng. 34: 382–383.
Hinton, E. 1992. Introduction to nonlinear finite element analysis. Glasgow, Scotland: NAFEMS.
Hirikoshi, K., and M. F. Randolph. 1999. “Estimation of overall settlement of piled raft.” Soil Found. 39 (2): 59–68.
Jamiolkowski, M., R. Lancellota, E. Pasqualini, S. Marchetti, and R. Nova. 1979. “Design parameters for soft clays—General Report.” In Proc., 7th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 27–57. London: Thomas Telford.
Katzenbach, R., U. Arslan, and C. Moormann. 2000. “Piled raft foundation projects in Germany.” In Design applications of raft foundations, 323–391. London: Thomas Telford.
Kraft, L. M., R. P. Ray, and T. Kagawa. 1981. “Theoretical t-z curves.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 107 (11): 1543–1561. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001207.
Liyanapathirana, D. S. 2009. “Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian based finite element analysis of cone penetration in soft clay.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (5): 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.006.
Lu, Q., M. F. Randolph, Y. Hu, and I. C. Bugarski. 2004. “A numerical study of cone penetration in clay.” Géotechnique 54 (4): 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.4.257.
Martin, C. M. 2001. “Vertical bearing capacity of skirted circular foundations on Tresca soil.” In Proc., 15th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanical Foundation Engineering, 743–746. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Belkema.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1951. “The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations.” Géotechnique 2 (4): 312–316.
Naggar, M. H., and M. Novak. 1994. “Non-linear model for dynamic axial pile response.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 120 (2): 308–329. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:2(308).
Poulos, H. G. 1994. “An approximate numerical analysis of pile-raft interaction.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 18 (2): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610180202.
Poulos, H. G. 2001. “Piled-raft foundation: Design and applications.” Géotechnique 51 (2): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.51.2.95.40292.
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Randolph, M. F. 2003. RATZ v.4.2 user manual—Load transfer analysis of axially loaded piles. Perth, Australia: Univ. of Western Australia.
Randolph, M. F., and S. Gouvernec. 2011. Offshore geotechnical engineering. New York: Spon Press.
Randolph, M. F., and C. P. Wroth. 1978. “Analysis of deformation of vertically loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 104 (12): 1465–1488. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000729.
Reul, O., and M. F. Randolph. 2003. “Piled rafts in overconsolidated clay—Comparison of in-situ measurements and numerical analyses.” Géotechnique 53 (3): 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.3.301.
Russo, G. 1998. “Numerical analysis of piled rafts.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 22 (6): 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199806)22:6%3C477::AID-NAG931%3E3.0.CO;2-H.
Salgado, R., A. V. Lyamin, S. W. Sloan, and H. S. Yu. 2004. “Two and three-dimensional bearing capacity of foundations in clay.” Géotechnique 54 (5): 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.5.297.
Teh, C. I., and G. T. Houlsby. 1991. “An analytical study of the cone penetration test in clay.” Géotechnique 41 (1): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1991.41.1.17.
Walker, J., and H. S. Yu. 2010. “Analysis of the cone penetration test in layered clay.” Géotechnique 60 (12): 939–948. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00153.
Yu, H. S. 1993. “Discussion on: Singular plastic fields in steady penetration of a rigid cone.” J. Appl. Mech. 60 (4): 1061–1062. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2900981.
Yu, H. S., L. R. Herrmann, and R. W. Boulanger. 2000. “Analysis of steady state cone penetration in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (7): 594–605. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:7(594).

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147Issue 10October 2021

History

Received: Jun 17, 2020
Accepted: May 14, 2021
Published online: Jul 16, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 16, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Thessaly, Volos 38334, Greece (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-867X. Email: [email protected]
Mello C. Papadopoulou [email protected]
Postdoctoral Researcher, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Thessaly, Volos 38334, Greece. Email: [email protected]
Mark F. Randolph [email protected]
Professor, Centre of Offshore Foundation Systems, Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Improved Relationships for the Pile Base Response in Sandy Soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11035, 149, 8, (2023).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share