Centrifuge Shaking Table Tests on Precast Underground Structure–Superstructure System in Liquefiable Ground
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 8
Abstract
Underground structures in liquefiable ground are prone to severe earthquake damage, and the seismic responses of such underground structures can be affected by nearby superstructures. Two centrifuge shaking table tests on a precast underground structure with and without a superstructure above it in mildly inclined liquefiable ground were designed and conducted in this study. The seismic response of the underground structure was analyzed in terms of its acceleration, deformation, internal force, and waterproof performance. The influence of the superstructure on the underground structure seismic response, including the deformations and internal forces, was investigated by comparing the responses of the underground structure in the two tests. It was observed that the joints of the precast underground structure experienced greater deformations than the nonjoint positions and affected the overall seismic response of the underground structure. Among the nonjoint positions, the column and corners of the underground structure experienced relatively large deformations and internal forces. The joint-opening deformations and dynamic bending moments of the precast underground structure were mainly governed by soil shear deformation, and the increased soil lateral forces caused by excess pore pressure (EPP) accumulation increased the bending moment of the side walls. The superstructure could amplify the acceleration of the near-field soil and underground structure, thus intensifying the EPP accumulation and underground structure deformations and internal forces. The detrimental influence of superstructures on underground structures in liquefiable ground merits more attention in seismic design.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering (No. 2021-KY-04) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52022046 and 52038005) for funding this study. The comments and suggestions of the three anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated.
References
Adalier, K., T. Abdoun, R. Dobry, R. Phillips, D. Yang, and E. Naesgaard. 2003. “Centrifuge modelling for seismic retrofit design of an immersed tube tunnel.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 3 (2): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2003.030203.
Allmond, J., B. L. Kutter, J. D. Bray, and C. P. Hayden. 2014. “FLIQ: Foundation and ground performance in liquefaction experiments.” Network Earthquake Eng. Simul. (NEES Distributor). https://doi.org/10.4231/D3M61BQ73.
Allmond, J., B. L. Kutter, J. D. Bray, and C. P. Hayden. 2015. “New database for foundation and ground performance in liquefaction experiments.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (4): 2485–2509. https://doi.org/10.1193/072814EQS120.
Arias, A. 1970. “A measure of earthquake intensity.” In Seismic design for nuclear power plants, edited by R. J. Hansen, 438–483. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Arulmoli, K., K. K. Muraleetharan, M. M. Hossain, and L. S. Fruth. 1992. VELACS (verification of liquefaction analyses by centrifuge studies) laboratory testing program: Soil data report. Rep. No. 90-0562. Los Angeles: The Earth Technology Corporation. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3740.8320.
Bray, J. D., and S. Dashti. 2014. “Liquefaction-induced building movements.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 12 (3): 1129–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9619-8.
Bullock, Z., Z. Karimi, S. Dashti, K. Porter, A. B. Liel, and K. W. Franke. 2019. “A physics-informed semi-empirical probabilistic model for the settlement of shallow-founded structures on liquefiable ground.” Géotechnique 69 (5): 406–419. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.174.
Chen, G., S. Chen, C. Qi, X. Du, Z. Wang, and W. Chen. 2015. “Shaking table tests on a three-arch type subway station structure in a liquefiable soil.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (6): 1675–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9675-0.
Chen, G., Z. Wang, X. Zuo, X. Du, and H. Gao. 2013. “Shaking table test on the seismic failure characteristics of a subway station structure on liquefiable ground.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (10): 1489–1507. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2283.
Chen, S., X. Wang, H. Zhuang, C. Xu, and K. Zhao. 2019. “Seismic response and damage of underground subway station in a slightly sloping liquefiable site.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (11): 5963–5985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00705-1.
Chian, S. C., K. Tokimatsu, and S. P. G. Madabhushi. 2014. “Soil liquefaction–induced uplift of underground structures: Physical and numerical modeling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (10): 04014057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001159.
Dashti, S., J. D. Bray, J. M. Pestana, M. Riemer, and D. Wilson. 2010. “Mechanisms of seismically induced settlement of buildings with shallow foundations on liquefiable soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (1): 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000179.
Dashti, S., Y. M. Hashash, K. Gillis, M. Musgrove, and M. Walker. 2016. “Development of dynamic centrifuge models of underground structures near tall buildings.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 86 (Jul): 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.04.014.
Ding, P., L. Tao, X. Yang, J. Zhao, and C. Shi. 2019. “Three-dimensional dynamic response analysis of a single-ring structure in a prefabricated subway station.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 45 (Feb): 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.010.
Duan, X., Q. Dong, and W. Ye. 2019. “Experimental study on seismic performance of prefabricated utility tunnel.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8968260.
Elnashai, A. S., B. Gencturk, O. S. Kwon, I. L. Al-Qadi, Y. Hashash, J. R. Roesler, S. J. Kim, S.-H. Jeong, J. Dukes, and A. Valdivia. 2010. The Maule (Chile) earthquake of February 27, 2010: Consequence assessment and case studies. Urbana, IL: Mid-America Earthquake Center.
fib (Federation Internationale du Beton). 2003. Seismic design of precast concrete building structures: State-of-the-art report. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
German Tunneling Committee. 2013. Recommendations for the design, production and installation of segmental rings. Berlin: Deutscher Ausschuss für unterirdisches Bauen e. V.
Gong, C., W. Ding, K. Soga, and K. M. Mosalam. 2019. “Failure mechanism of joint waterproofing in precast segmental tunnel linings.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 84 (Feb): 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.003.
Hamada, M., I. Towhata, S. Yasuda, and R. Isoyama. 1987. “Study on permanent ground displacement induced by seismic liquefaction.” Comput. Geotech. 4 (4): 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-352X(87)90001-2.
Hashash, Y. M., et al. 2015. Geotechnical field reconnaissance: Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake of April 25, 2015 and related shaking sequence. Gorkha, Nepal: The Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association.
Hashash, Y. M., S. Dashti, M. Musgrove, K. Gillis, M. Walker, K. Ellison, and Y. I. Basarah. 2018. “Influence of tall buildings on seismic response of shallow underground structures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (12): 04018097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001963.
Hashash, Y. M., J. J. Hook, B. Schmidt, I. John, and C. Yao. 2001. “Seismic design and analysis of underground structures.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 16 (4): 247–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00051-7.
Hazarika, H., T. Kokusho, R. E. Kayen, S. Dashti, and M. Fukuda. 2017. “Geotechnical damage due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and future challenges.” Lowland Technol. Int. 19 (3): 189–204.
He, B., J. M. Zhang, W. Li, and R. Wang. 2020. “Numerical analysis of LEAP centrifuge tests on sloping liquefiable ground: Influence of dilatancy and post-liquefaction shear deformation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 137 (2020): 106288.
Housner, G. W., and M. D. Trifunac. 1967. “Analysis of accelerograms—Parkfield earthquake.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57 (6): 1193–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(67)90097-8.
Iida, H., T. Hiroto, N. Yoshida, and M. Iwafuji. 1996. “Damage to Daikai subway station.” Soils and Foundations 36: 283–300. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.Special_283.
ISO. 2016. Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels. ISO 683. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO.
ITA Working Group on General Approaches to the Design of Tunnels. 1988. “Guidelines for the design of tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 3 (3). https://doi.org/237-249.10.1016/0886-7798(88)90050-8.
Joghataie, A., and M. S. Dizaji. 2011. “Transforming results from model to prototype of concrete gravity dams using neural networks.” J. Eng. Mech. 137 (7): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000246.
Kaiser, A., et al. 2012. “The Mw 6.2 Christchurch earthquake of February 2011: Preliminary report.” N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 55 (1): 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.641182.
Kirkwood, P., and S. Dashti. 2018a. “A centrifuge study of seismic structure-soil-structure interaction on liquefiable ground and implications for design in dense urban areas.” Earthquake Spectra 34 (3): 1113–1134. https://doi.org/10.1193/052417EQS095M.
Kirkwood, P., and S. Dashti. 2018b. “Considerations for the mitigation of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction in urban environments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (10): 04018069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001936.
Lee, C. J., Y. C. Wei, W. Y. Chuang, W. Y. Hung, W. L. Wu, and T. Y. Ho. 2017. “Uplift mechanism of rectangular tunnel in liquefied soils.” In Geotechnical hazards from large earthquakes and heavy rainfalls, 61–74. Tokyo: Springer.
Li, S., Z. Zuo, C. Zhai, and L. Xie. 2017. “Comparison of static pushover and dynamic analyses using RC building shaking table experiment.” Eng. Struct. 136 (Apr): 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.033.
Ling, H. I., Y. Mohri, T. Kawabata, H. Liu, C. Burke, and L. Sun. 2003. “Centrifugal modeling of seismic behavior of large-diameter pipe in liquefiable soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (12): 1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1092).
Liu, H., and X. Du. 2019. “Seismic performance of precast joint in assembled monolithic station: Effect of assembled seam shape and position.” Earthquakes Struct. 17 (6): 611. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.6.611.
Liu, X., R. Wang, and J. M. Zhang. 2018. “Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground.” Acta Geotech. 13 (6): 1405–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0699-5.
Lou, M., H. Wang, X. Chen, and Y. Zhai. 2011. “Structure–soil–structure interaction: Literature review.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (12): 1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.07.008.
Miranda, G., V. Nappa, and E. Bilotta. 2019. “Preliminary numerical simulation of centrifuge tests on tunnel-building interaction in liquefiable soil.” In Proc., National Conf. of the Researchers of Geotechnical Engineering, 583–591. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Navarro, C. 1992. “Effect of adjoining structures on seismic response of tunnels.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 16 (11): 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610161103.
NRC (National Research Council and Committee on Earthquake Engineering). 1985. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes. Washington, DC: National Academic Press.
Pitilakis, K., and G. Tsinidis. 2014. “Performance and seismic design of underground structures.” In Earthquake geotechnical engineering design, 279–340. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Pitilakis, K., G. Tsinidis, A. Leanza, and M. Maugeri. 2014. “Seismic behaviour of circular tunnels accounting for above ground structures interaction effects.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 67 (Dec): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.08.009.
Rasmussen, N. S. 1997. “Concrete immersed tunnels—Forty years of experience.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 12 (1): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(96)00061-2.
Robb, E. S. M., et al. 2015. “Geotechnical effects of the 2015 magnitude 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and aftershocks.” Seismol. Res. Lett. 86 (6): 1514–1523. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150158.
Samata, S., H. Ohuchi, and T. Matsuda. 1997. “A study of the damage of subway structures during the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 19 (3): 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00018-8.
Shimamura, K., Y. Fujita, S. Kojima, Y. Taji, and M. Hamada. 2003. “Transverse horizontal load on buried pipes due to liquefaction-induced permanent ground displacement.” J. Jpn. Geotech. Soc. 43 (1): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.59.
Tam, V. W., C. M. Tam, S. X. Zeng, and W. C. Ng. 2007. “Towards adoption of prefabrication in construction.” Build. Environ. 42 (10): 3642–3654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.003.
Tao, L., P. Ding, C. Shi, X. Wu, S. Wu, and S. Li. 2019. “Shaking table test on seismic response characteristics of prefabricated subway station structure.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 91 (Sep): 102994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.102994.
Tokimatsu, K., S. Tamura, H. Suzuki, and K. Katsumata. 2012. “Building damage associated with geotechnical problems in the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake.” Soils Found. 52 (5): 956–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.014.
Tsinidis, G. 2018. “Response of urban single and twin circular tunnels subjected to transversal ground seismic shaking.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 76 (Jun): 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.016.
Wang, G., M. Yuan, Y. Miao, J. Wu, and Y. Wang. 2018. “Experimental study on seismic response of underground tunnel-soil-surface structure interaction system.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 76 (Jun): 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.015.
Wang, H. F., M. L. Lou, and R. L. Zhang. 2017. “Influence of presence of adjacent surface structure on seismic response of underground structure.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 100 (Sep): 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.031.
Wang, J., H. Liu, H. Liu, and Y. Zou. 2019. “Centrifuge model study on the seismic responses of shield tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 92 (Oct): 103036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103036.
Wang, W. L., T. T. Wang, J. J. Su, C. H. Lin, C. R. Seng, and T. H. Huang. 2001. “Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 16 (3): 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00047-5.
Wham, B. P., S. Dashti, K. Franke, R. Kayen, and N. K. Oettle. 2017. “Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake.” Lowland Technol. Int. 19 (3): 151–160.
Yamaguchi, A., T. Mori, M. Kazama, and N. Yoshida. 2012. “Liquefaction in Tohoku district during the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake.” Soils Found. 52 (5): 811–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.005.
Yang, D., E. Naesgaard, P. M. Byrne, K. Adalier, and T. Abdoun. 2004. “Numerical model verification and calibration of George Massey Tunnel using centrifuge models.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (5): 921–942. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-039.
Yasuda, S., and H. Kiku. 2006. “Uplift of sewage manholes and pipes during the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu earthquake.” Soils Found. 46 (6): 885–894. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.885.
Yasuda, S., H. Nagase, H. Kiku, and Y. Uchida. 1992. “The mechanism and a simplified procedure for the analysis of permanent ground displacement due to liquefaction.” Soils Found. 32 (1): 149–160. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.149.
Yu, H., Y. Yuan, G. Xu, Q. Su, X. Yan, and C. Li. 2018. “Multi-point shaking table test for long tunnels subjected to non-uniform seismic loadings—Part II: Application to the HZM immersed tunnel.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 108 (May): 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.08.018.
Yurkevich, P. 1995. “Developments in segmental concrete linings for subway tunnels in Belarus.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 10 (3): 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(95)00015-Q.
Zeghal, M., A. W. Elgamal, X. Zeng, and K. Arulmoli. 1999. “Mechanism of liquefaction response in sand–silt dynamic centrifuge tests.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 18 (1): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00029-3.
Zhou, H., G. Zheng, X. He, E. Wang, Z. Guo, D. Nie, and S. Ma. 2020. “Numerical modelling of retaining structure displacements in multi-bench retained excavations.” Acta Geotech. 15: 2691–2703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00947-3.
Zhuang, H., G. Chen, Z. Hu, and C. Qi. 2016. “Influence of soil liquefaction on the seismic response of a subway station in model tests.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 75 (3): 1169–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0777-y.
Zhuang, H., X. Wang, Y. Miao, E. Yao, S. Chen, B. Ruan, and G. Chen. 2019. “Seismic responses of a subway station and tunnel in a slightly inclined liquefiable ground through shaking table test.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 116 (Jan): 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.09.051.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 8 • August 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 13, 2020
Accepted: Mar 5, 2021
Published online: May 22, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Qi Wu, Xuanming Ding, Yanling Zhang, Yiwen Xin, Experimental and Numerical Study on Dynamic Response of Underground Structure in Coral Sand Under Earthquakes, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 10.1080/13632469.2023.2173491, (1-23), (2023).
- Qi Wu, Xuanming Ding, Yanling Zhang, Yanli Zhang, Numerical analysis of seismic response of rectangular underground structure in coral sand, Underground Space, 10.1016/j.undsp.2022.07.005, 9, (155-172), (2023).
- Gaetano Miranda, Valeria Nappa, Emilio Bilotta, Stuart K Haigh, Gopal S P Madabhushi, Physical modelling of the interaction between a tunnel and a building in a liquefying ground and its mitigation, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105108, 137, (105108), (2023).
- Peng Ding, Cheng Shi, Lianjin Tao, Zhiguo Liu, Tao Zhang, Research on seismic analysis methods of large and complex underground pipe structures in hard rock sites, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105035, 135, (105035), (2023).
- Zhipeng Zhao, Yanchao Wang, Qingjun Chen, Hongfu Qiang, Na Hong, Enhanced seismic isolation and energy dissipation approach for the aboveground negative-stiffness-based isolated structure with an underground structure, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105019, 134, (105019), (2023).
- Wen-Ting Li, Rui Wang, Jian-Min Zhang, Influence of aboveground structure on connected underground structure seismic response within an integrated system, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105003, 134, (105003), (2023).
- Jinnan Chen, Chengshun Xu, Hesham M. El Naggar, Xiuli Du, Seismic response analysis of rectangular prefabricated subway station structure, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104795, 131, (104795), (2023).
- Yongxin Wu, Juncheng Wang, Yuqi Zhang, Weijuan Geng, Pengyun Guo, An updated spectral representation method coupled with generalized probability density evolution method in assessing the seismic reliability of tunnels, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107755, 166, (107755), (2023).
- Haiyang Zhuang, Dingfeng Zhao, Guoxing Chen, Yanzhen Wang, Kai Zhao, Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation on Seismic Response of Subway Station in Liquefied Soil by the Loosely Coupled Effective Stress Model, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 10.1080/13632469.2022.2141371, (1-25), (2022).
- Rui Wang, Tong Zhu, Jia-Ke Yu, Jian-Min Zhang, Influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of underground structures and underground-aboveground structure systems in liquefiable ground, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104351, 122, (104351), (2022).
- See more