Applicability of CPT Capacity Prediction Methods to Driven Cast-In-Situ Piles in Granular Soil
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 2
Abstract
Databases used in developing cone penetration test (CPT)-based design methods for driven piles have been dominated by data for the preformed variant, with the driven cast-in-situ (DCIS) pile category poorly represented. A database of 30 DCIS piles was used to appraise the ability of seven established CPT-based methods for driven piles to predict the total capacity of DCIS piles in granular soil. A subset of instrumented piles within the database was used to appraise the ability of these methods to predict shaft and base resistances separately. In general, the UWA-05 method provided the most reliable predictions for total and base capacity, whereas the LCPC-82 method is recommended for prediction of shaft resistance using shaft coefficients for standard driven piles. The paper collated findings from the recent instrumented pile tests conducted by National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway examining the mechanisms of shaft resistance in DCIS piles. In spite of uncertainties regarding mechanisms affecting the shaft resistance of DCIS piles during installation, the data from the instrumented tests presented herein provide strong evidence that the shaft resistance of a DCIS pile in sand is comparable to that of a preformed displacement pile. The NUI Galway pile tests also showed that the normalized base resistances for preformed and DCIS piles are equivalent.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Keller Foundations UK for sponsoring the instrumented DCIS pile test program. The views expressed in this paper are the sole views of the authors and do not represent the views of the Keller Foundations UK and AGL Consulting.
References
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Bottiau, M. 2016. “Codes, new technologies and quality in deep foundations—The importance of pile installation process.” In Proc., DFI-EFFC Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep Foundations. Hawthorne, NJ: Deep Foundations Institute.
Brieke, W. 1993. “Vergleich der tragfähigkeit unterschiedlicher pfahlsysteme.” In Proc., Pfahlsymposium. Braunschweig, Germany: Institut für Geomechanik und Geotechnik.
Brieke, W., and T. Garbers. 2011. “Von der erfindung Edgard Frankignouls bis zum megapfahl.” In Proc., Pfahlsymposium. Braunschweig, Germany: Institut für Geomechanik und Geotechnik.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2015. Code of practice for foundations. London: BSI.
Bustamante, M., and L. Gianeselli. 1982. “Pile bearing capacity prediction by means of static penetrometer CPT.” In Proc., 2nd European Symp. on Penetration Testing, 493–500. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Byrne, G. P., and C. McKnight. 2001. “The design and performance of soil improvement solutions in a deep collapsing residual soil.” In Proc., 15th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 1715–1724. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Chin, F. 1972. “The inverse slope as a prediction of ultimate bearing capacity of piles.” In Proc., 3rd South-East Asian Conf. on Soil Eng., 83–91. Hong Kong: Libra Press.
Chow, F. C. 1997. “Investigations into the behavior of displacement piles for offshore foundations.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London.
Clausen, C. J. F., P. M. Aas, and K. Karlsrud. 2005. “Bearing capacity of driven piles in sand, the NGI approach.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 677–681. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
De Beer, E., E. Lousberg, A. De Jonghe, R. Carpentier, and M. Wallays. 1979. “Analysis of the results of loading tests performed on displacement piles of different types and sizes penetrating at relatively small depth into a very dense layer.” In Proc., Conf. on Recent Developments in the Design and Construction of Piles, 199–211. London: Institution of Civil Engineers.
De Beer, E. E. 1971a. “Méthodes de déduction de la capacité portante d’un pieu a partir des résultats des essais de penetration.” J. des Travaux Publics de Belgique. 72 (4): 191–268.
De Beer, E. E. 1971b. “Méthodes de déduction de la capacité portante d’un pieu a partir des résultats des essais de penetration.” J. des Travaux Publics de Belgique. 72 (5): 321–353.
De Beer, E. E. 1971c. “Méthodes de déduction de la capacité portante d’un pieu a partir des résultats des essais de penetration.” J. des Travaux Publics de Belgique. 72 (6): 351–405.
DGG (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik). 2013. Recommendations on piling (EA-Pfahle). New York: Wiley.
Eslami, A., and B. H. Fellenius. 1997. “Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories.” Can. Geotech. J. 34 (6): 886–904. https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-056.
Evers, G., G. Hass, A. Frossard, M. Bustamante, S. Borel, and H. Skinner. 2003. “Comparative performances of continuous flight auger and driven cast-in-place piles in sands.” In Proc., 4th Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Augered Piles, 138–144. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Millpress.
Finlay, T. C. R., D. J. White, M. D. Bolton, and T. Nagayama. 2001. “Press-in piling: The installation of instrumented steel tubular piles with and without driving shoes.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Deep Foundation Practice, 199–208. Singapore: CI-Premier Pte Limited.
Fleming, W. G. K., A. Weltman, K. Elson, and M. F. Randolph. 2008. Piling engineering. London: Taylor & Francis.
Flynn, K. N. 2014. “Experimental investigations of driven cast-in-situ piles.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Univ. of Ireland.
Flynn, K. N., and B. A. McCabe. 2016. “Shaft resistance of driven cast-in-situ piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (1): 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0032.
Flynn, K. N., B. A. McCabe, and D. Egan. 2012. “Residual load development in cast-in-situ piles—A review and new case history.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Deep Foundations and Testing, 765–773. Kanazawa, Japan: Kanazawa Univ.
Flynn, K. N., B. A. McCabe, and D. Egan. 2013. “Axial load behaviour of a driven cast-in-situ pile in sand.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Rolla, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Flynn, K. N., B. A. McCabe, and D. Egan. 2014. “Driven cast-in-situ piles in granular soil: Applicability of CPT methods for pile capacity.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Cone Penetration Testing (CPT’14). London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Franki, G. 2020. “Simplexpfahl.” Accessed October 30, 2020. https://stump-franki.de/fileadmin/s_stump-franki/broschuren/Franki_Simplexpfahl_2019.
Gavin, K. G., D. Cadogan, A. Tolooiyan, and P. Casey. 2013. “The base resistance of non-displacement piles in sand. Part I: Field tests.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 166 (6): 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.11.00100.
Gavin, K. G., and B. M. Lehane. 2003. “The shaft capacity of pipe piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (1): 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-093.
Goossens, D., and W. F. Van Impe. 1991. “Long-term settlements of a pile group foundation in sand overlying a clayey layer.” In Proc., 10th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 425–428. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Gwizdala, K., and I. Dyka. 2002. “Estimation of settlements of piles in group.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep Foundations. 257–262. Hawthorne, NJ: Deep Foundations Institute.
Gwizdala, K., and A. Krasinski. 2013. “Bearing capacity of displacement piles in layered soils with highly diverse strength parameters.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2739–2742. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Huybrechts, N., M. De Vos, M. Bottiau, and L. Maertens. 2016. “Design of piles—Belgian practice.” In Proc., ISSMGE–ETC3 Int. Symp. on Design of Piles in Europe, 7–44. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Building Research Institute.
Huybrechts, N., and J. Maertens. 2003. “Excavation of the test piles on the Limelette site: Observations and measurements.” In Proc., Belgian Screw Pile Technology Conf.—Design and Recent Developments, 131–166. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Jamiolkowski, M. B., D. C. F. Lo Presti, and M. Manassero. 2003. “Evaluation of relative density and shear strength of sands from cone penetration test.” In Soil behavior and soft ground conditions, 201–238. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Jardine, R. J., F. C. Chow, R. F. Overy, and J. R. Standing. 2005. ICP design methods for driven piles in sands and clays. London: Thomas Telford.
Jardine, R. J., B. M. Lehane, and S. J. Everton. 1993. “Friction coefficients for piles in sands and silts.” In Offshore site investigation and foundation behavior, 661–677. Berlin: Springer.
Kolk, H. J., A. E. Baaijens, and M. Senders. 2005. “Design criteria for pipe piles in silica sands.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 711–716. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Lehane, B. M. 1992. “Experimental investigations of pile behaviour using instrumented field piles.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London.
Lehane, B. M. 2009. “Relationships between axial capacity and CPT for bored piles in sand.” In Proc., 4th Int. Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, 61–74. London: Taylor & Francis.
Lehane, B. M., J. A. Schneider, and X. Xu. 2005. “The UWA-05 method for prediction of axial capacity of driven piles in sand.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 683–689. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Mitchell, J. K., and K. Soga. 2005. Fundamentals of soil behavior. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
NBN (Bureau de Normalisation). 2014. Eurocode 7: Calcul géotechnique—Partie 1: Refles generals—Annexe nationale. Brussels, Belgium: NBN.
Neely, W. J. 1990. “Bearing capacity of expanded-base piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (1): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:1(73.
NEN (Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut). 2019. Nationale bijlage bij NEN-EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnisch ontwerp—Deel 1: Algemene regels. Delft, Netherlands: Koninklijk Nederlands Normalisatue-instituut.
Paul, T. S., B. M. Lehane, T. J. P. Chapman, and R. L. Newman. 1994. “On the properties of a sandy gravel.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 29–32. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Randolph, M. F. 2003. “Science and empiricism in pile foundation design.” Géotechnique 53 (10): 847–875. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.10.847.
Schmertmann, J. H. 1978. Guidelines for cone penetration test, performance and design. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Schneider, J. A., X. Xu, and B. M. Lehane. 2008. “Database assessment of CPT-based design methods for axial capacity of driven piles in siliceous sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (9): 1227–1244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:9(1227).
Suckling, T. 2003. “Driven cast in situ piles, the CPT and the SPT—Two case studies.” Ground Eng. 36 (10): 28–32.
Van Impe, W. F. 1986. “Evaluation of deformation and bearing capacity parameters of foundations, from static CPT-results.” In Proc., 4th Int. Geotechnology Seminar on Field Instrumentation and In-Situ Measurements, 51–70. Singapore: Nanyang Technological Institute.
Verstraelen, J., W. Maekelberg, and M. Medaets. 2016. “Recent experiences with static pile load testing on real job sites.” In Vol. 1 of Design of piles in Europe—How did Eurocode 7 change daily practice? 63–85. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Building Research Institute.
Xu, X., J. A. Schneider, and B. M. Lehane. 2008. “Cone penetration test (CPT) methods for end-bearing assessment of open- and closed-ended driven piles in siliceous sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (8): 1130–1141. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-035.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 24, 2019
Accepted: Aug 31, 2020
Published online: Dec 9, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 9, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.