Centrifuge Study on the Influence of Tunnel Excavation on Piles in Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 12
Abstract
Tunneling-induced ground movements can affect the equilibrium state of an existing pile, causing uneven settlement among pile groups and damage to connected structures. This paper presents results from five centrifuge tests aimed at evaluating the load redistribution mechanisms that occur within piles located close to tunnel excavation. Two main mechanisms are studied: first, those related to ground displacements and stress relief related to tunneling and, second, those related to pile head load changes caused by connected superstructures (accomplished using a hybrid centrifuge-numerical modeling method). A novel fiber Bragg grating sensor system was used to measure shaft shear stresses along model piles. Results are used to quantify the relative impact that these two mechanisms have on pile load redistribution during tunnel volume loss. In addition, posttunneling pile loading tests were performed, with results indicating that tunneling-induced ground volumetric strains could influence the posttunneling loading response of piles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Boulon, M., and P. Foray. 1986. “Physical and numerical simulation of lateral shaft friction along offshore piles in sand.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, 127–147. Paris: Editions Technip.
Bruno, D. 1999. “Dynamic and static load testing of driven piles in sand.” Ph.D. thesis, Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, Univ. of Western Australia.
Correia, R., S. W. James, A. M. Marshall, C. M. Heron, and S. Korposh. 2016. “Interrogation of fibre Bragg gratings through a fibre optic rotary joint on a geotechnical centrifuge.” In Vol. 99162B of Proc., 6th European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS’2016), 1–4. Limerick, Ireland: International Society for Optics and Photonics.
DeJong, J. T., M. F. Randolph, and D. J. White. 2003. “Interface load transfer degradation during cyclic loading: A microscale investigation.” Soils Found. 43 (4): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.4_81.
Evgin, E., and K. Fakharian. 1997. “Effect of stress paths on the behaviour of sand steel interfaces.” Can. Geotech. J. 33 (6): 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-116-336.
Farrell, R. P. 2010. “Tunnelling in sands and the response of buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Franza, A. 2016. “Tunnelling and its effects on piles and piled structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Franza, A., S. Idinyang, C. Heron, A. M. Marshall, and A. Abdelatif. 2016. “Development of a coupled centrifuge-numerical model to study soil-structure interaction problems.” In Proc., 3rd European Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (Eurofuge 2016), 135–140. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Franza, A., and A. M. Marshall. 2018. “Centrifuge and real-time hybrid testing of tunneling beneath piles and piled buildings.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (3): 04018110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002003.
Franza, A., A. M. Marshall, and B. Zhou. 2019. “Greenfield tunnelling in sands: The effects of soil density and relative depth.” Géotechnique 69 (4): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.091.
Gulvanessian, H., P. Formichi, and J. A. Calgaro. 2009. Designers’ guide to Eurocode 1: Actions on buildings. EN1991-1-1 and-1-3 TO-1-7. London: Thomas Telford.
Hibbitt, K. 2002. ABAQUS/explicit user’s manual: Version 6.3. Pawtucket, Rhode Island: Hibbit, Karlsonn, and Sorensen.
Idinyang, S., A. Franza, C. Heron, and A. M. Marshall. 2019. “Real-time data coupling for hybrid testing in a geotechnical centrifuge.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 19 (4): 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.17.00063.
Jacobsz, S. W. 2003. “The effects of tunnelling on piled foundations.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Kelly, R. 2001. “Development of a large diameter ring shear apparatus and its use.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Sydney.
Kersey, A. D., M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. Koo, C. Askins, M. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele. 1997. “Fiber grating sensors.” J. Lightwave Technol. 15 (8): 1442–1463. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.618377.
Klotz, E., and M. Coop. 2001. “An investigation of the effect of soil state on the capacity of driven piles in sands.” Géotechnique 51 (9): 733–751. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.9.733.
Lee, C. J., and K. H. Chiang. 2007. “Responses of single piles to tunneling-induced soil movements in sandy ground.” Can. Geotech. J. 44 (10): 1224–1241. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-050.
Lehane, B., C. Gaudin, and J. Schneider. 2005. “Scale effects on tension capacity for rough piles buried in dense sand.” Géotechnique 55 (10): 709–719. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.10.709.
Lehane, B. M., R. Jardine, A. J. Bond, and R. Frank. 1993. “Mechanisms of shaft friction in sand from instrumented pile tests.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:1(19).
Loganathan, N., H. G. Poulos, and D. P. Stewart. 2000. “Centrifuge model testing of tunnelling-induced ground and pile deformations.” Géotechnique 50 (3): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.3.283.
Marshall, A. M. 2009. “Tunnelling in sand and its effect on pipelines and piles.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Marshall, A. M. 2012. “Tunnel–pile interaction analysis using cavity expansion methods.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (10): 1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000709.
Marshall, A. M., A. Franza, and S. W. Jacobsz. 2020. “Assessment of the post-tunneling safety factor of piles under drained soil conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (9): 04020097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002348.
Marshall, A. M., and T. K. Haji. 2015. “An analytical study of tunnel–pile interaction.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 45 (Jan): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.09.001.
Marshall, A. M., and R. J. Mair. 2011. “Tunneling beneath driven or jacked end-bearing piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (12): 1757–1771. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-067.
Mortara, G., D. Ferrara, and G. Fotia. 2010. “Simple model for the cyclic behavior of smooth sand-steel interfaces.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (7): 1004–1009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000315.
Moyo, P., J. M. W. Brownjohn, R. Suresh, and S. C. Tjin. 2005. “Development of fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring civil infrastructure.” Eng. Struct. 27 (12): 1828–1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.04.023.
Nicola, A. D., and M. Randolph. 1999. “Centrifuge modelling of pipe piles in sand under axial loads.” Géotechnique 49 (3): 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.295.
Porcino, D., V. Fioravante, V. N. Ghionna, and S. Pedroni. 2003. “Interface behavior of sands from constant normal stiffness direct shear tests.” Geotech. Test. J. 26 (3): 289–301.
Song, G. 2019. “The use of protective structures to reduce tunnelling induced damage to buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Song, G., and A. M. Marshall. 2020. “Centrifuge modelling of tunnelling induced ground displacements: Pressure and displacement control tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 103 (Sep): 103461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103461.
Song, G., A. M. Marshall, and C. M. Heron. 2018. “A mechanical displacement control model tunnel for simulating eccentric ground loss in the centrifuge.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics: ICPMG. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Song, G., A. M. Marshall, and C. M. Heron. 2019. “Load redistribution of piles affected by tunnelling: Hybrid centrifuge tests using fibre Bragg grating.” In Proc., 17th ECSMGE-2019. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Stanier, S. A., J. Blaber, W. A. Take, and D. White. 2015. “Improved image-based deformation measurement for geotechnical applications.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (5): 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0253.
Tabucanon, J. T., D. W. Airey, and H. G. Poulos. 1995. “Pile skin friction in sands from constant normal stiffness tests.” Geotech. Test. J. 18 (3): 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11004J.
Vorster, T. E. B. 2006. “The effects of tunnelling on buried pipes.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. Cambridge.
White, D., and B. Lehane. 2004. “Friction fatigue on displacement piles in sand.” Géotechnique 54 (10): 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.10.645.
White, D. J., and M. D. Bolton. 2004. “Displacement and strain paths during plane-strain model pile installation in sand.” Géotechnique 54 (6): 375–397. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.6.375.
Zhou, B. 2015. “Tunnelling-induced ground displacements in sand.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 12 • December 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 11, 2020
Accepted: Jul 14, 2020
Published online: Sep 20, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Feb 20, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.