Use of Grouting to Control Horizontal Tunnel Deformation Induced by Adjacent Excavation
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 7
Abstract
A grouting technique is introduced as a measure to protect tunnels adjacent to a large-scale excavation. Field measurements indicated that this grouting technique reduced the maximum horizontal displacement in the tunnel from 9.2 to 4.6 mm. Based on this application and two field tests, the following recommendations are proposed: (1) the upper boundary of the grouted zone should be set at or below the tunnel; (2) grouting holes should be installed 3–4 m from the tunnel and at an interval of the length of a tunnel ring along the tunnel axis; (3) in a row of grouting holes, grouting should be conducted at an interval of six to eight holes in a day, and the grout volume per hole should be small, such as ; and (4) when using multiple rows of grouting holes, a far-row-first grouting scheme, in which the grouting sequence progresses toward the tunnel, should be adopted.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant 2016YFC0802008), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (18JCQNJC07900), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41630641). This support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Au, S. K. A., K. Soga, M. R. Jafari, M. D. Bolton, and K. Komiya. 2003. “Factors affecting long-term efficiency of compensation grouting in clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (3): 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:3(254).
Burford, D. 1988. “Heave of tunnels beneath the Shell Centre, London, 1959–1986.” Géotechnique 38 (1): 135–137. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.1.135.
Chai, J. C., J. P. Carter, N. Miura, and H. H. Zhu. 2009. “Improved prediction of lateral deformations due to installation of soil-cement columns.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (12): 1836–1845. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000155.
Chai, J. C., N. Miura, and H. Koga. 2005. “Lateral displacement of ground caused by soil-cement column installation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (5): 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:5(623).
Chang, C. T., C. W. Sun, S. W. Duann, and R. N. Hwang. 2001. “Response of a taipei rapid transit system (TRTS) tunnel to adjacent excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 16 (3): 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00049-9.
Chen, J. J., Y. F. Zhu, M. G. Li, and S. L. Wen. 2015. “Novel excavation and construction method of an underground highway tunnel above operating metro tunnels.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 28 (6): A4014003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000437.
Chen, R. P., F. Y. Meng, Z. C. Li, Y. H. Ye, and J. N. Ye. 2016. “Investigation of response of metro tunnels due to adjacent large excavation and protective measures in soft soils.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 58 (Sep): 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.002.
Cheng, W. C., Z. P. Song, W. Tian, and Z. F. Wang. 2018. “Shield tunnel uplift and deformation characterisation: A case study from Zhengzhou metro.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 79 (Sep): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.05.002.
Harris, D. I., R. J. Mair, J. P. Love, R. N. Taylor, and T. O. Henderson. 1994. “Observations of ground and structure movements for compensation grouting during tunnel construction at Waterloo station.” Géotechnique 44 (4): 691–713. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.4.691.
Hsieh, P. G., and C. Y. Ou. 2018. “Mechanism of buttress walls in restraining the wall deflection caused by deep excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 82 (Dec): 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.004.
Hsieh, P. G., C. Y. Ou, and W. H. Hsieh. 2016. “Efficiency of excavations with buttress walls in reducing the deflection of the diaphragm wall.” Acta Geotech. 11 (5): 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0416-6.
Hu, Z. F., Z. Q. Yue, J. Zhou, and L. G. Tham. 2003. “Design and construction of a deep excavation in soft soils adjacent to the Shanghai Metro tunnels.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (5): 933–948. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-041.
Huang, X., H. F. Schweiger, and H. W. Huang. 2013. “Influence of deep excavations on nearby existing tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (2): 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000188.
Komiya, K., K. Soga, H. Akagi, M. R. Jafari, and M. D. Bolton. 2001. “Soil consolidation associated with grouting during shield tunnelling in soft clayey ground.” Géotechnique 51 (10): 835–846. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.10.835.
Li, M. G., J. J. Chen, J. H. Wang, and Y. F. Zhu. 2018. “Comparative study of construction methods for deep excavations above shield tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 71 (Jan): 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.09.014.
Li, M. G., Z. J. Zhang, J. J. Chen, J. H. Wang, and A. J. Xu. 2017. “Zoned and staged construction of an underground complex in Shanghai soft clay.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 67 (Aug): 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.016.
Lim, A., P. G. Hsieh, and C. Y. Ou. 2016. “Evaluation of buttress wall shapes to limit movements induced by deep excavation.” Comput. Geotech. 78 (Sep): 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.012.
Lim, A., and C. Y. Ou. 2018. “Performance and three-dimensional analyses of a wide excavation in soft soil with strut-free retaining system.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (9): 05018007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001165.
Lim, A., C. Y. Ou, and P. G. Hsieh. 2017. “Investigation of the integrated retaining system to limit deformations induced by deep excavation.” Acta Geotech. 13 (4): 973–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0613-6.
Ng, C. W. W., J. W. Shi, D. Mašín, H. S. Sun, and G. H. Lei. 2015. “Influence of sand density and retaining wall stiffness on three-dimensional responses of tunnel to basement excavation.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (11): 1811–1829. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0150.
Ni, J. C., and W. C. Cheng. 2010. “Monitoring and modeling grout efficiency of lifting structure in soft clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 10 (6): 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000026.
Ou, C. Y., P. G. Hsieh, and Y. L. Lin. 2013. “A parametric study of wall deflections in deep excavations with the installation of cross walls.” Comput. Geotech. 50 (May): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.12.009.
Ou, C. Y., Y. L. Lin, and P. G. Hsieh. 2006. “Case record of an excavation with cross walls and buttress walls.” J. Geoeng. 1 (2): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.6310/jog.2006.1(2).4.
Schanz, T., P. A. Vermeer, and P. G. Bonnier. 1999. “The hardening soil model: Formulation and verification.” In Proc., Int. Symposium beyond 2000 in Computational Geotechnics, edited by R. B. J. Brinkgreve, 281–296. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Schweiger, H. F., C. Kummerer, R. Otterbein, and E. Falk. 2004. “Numerical modelling of settlement compensation by means of fracture grouting.” Soils Found. 44 (1): 71–86. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.71.
Shi, J. W., X. Zhang, Y. H. Chen, and L. Chen. 2018. “Numerical parametric study of countermeasures to alleviate basement excavation effects on an existing tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 72 (Feb): 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.030.
Soga, K., S. K. A. Au, M. R. Jafari, and M. D. Bolton. 2004. “Laboratory investigation of multiple grout injections into clay.” Géotechnique 54 (2): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.2.81.
Soga, K., M. D. Bolton, S. K. A. Au, K. Komiya, J. P. Hamelin, A. Van Cotthem, G. Buchet, and J. P. Michel. 2000. “Development of compensation grouting modelling and control system.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, edited by O. Kusakabe, K. Fujita, and Y. Miyazaki, 425–430. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Tan, Y., X. Li, Z. J. Kang, J. X. Liu, and Y. B. Zhu. 2015. “Zoned excavation of an oversized pit close to an existing metro line in stiff clay: case study.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 29 (6): 04014158. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000652.
Zhang, D. M., Z. K. Huang, R. L. Wang, J. Y. Yan, and J. Zhang. 2018a. “Grouting-based treatment of tunnel settlement: Practice in Shanghai.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 80 (Oct): 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.06.017.
Zhang, D. M., Z. S. Liu, R. L. Wang, and D. M. Zhang. 2019. “Influence of grouting on rehabilitation of an over-deformed operating shield tunnel lining in soft clay.” Acta Geotech. 14 (4): 1227–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0696-8.
Zheng, G., F. J. Wang, Y. M. Du, Y. Diao, Y. W. Lei, and X. S. Cheng. 2018. “The efficiency of the ability of isolation piles to control the deformation of tunnels adjacent to excavations.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (10): 1475–1490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-018-0335-7.
Zheng, G., H. H. Zhu, X. R. Liu, and G. H. Yang. 2016. “Control of safety of deep excavations and underground engineering and its impact on surrounding environment.” [In Chinese.] China Civ. Eng. J. 49 (6): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2016.06.001.
Zhou, S. H., J. H. Xiao, H. G. Di, and Y. H. Zhu. 2018. “Differential settlement remediation for new shield metro tunnel in soft soils using corrective grouting method: Case study.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (12): 1877–1887. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0382.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 10, 2019
Accepted: Jan 24, 2020
Published online: Apr 25, 2020
Published in print: Jul 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 25, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.