Effect of Casing and High-Strength Reinforcement on the Lateral Load Transfer Characteristics of Drilled Shaft Foundations
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 9
Abstract
Increased seismic flexural demands on drilled shaft foundations have led to significant increases in the amount of steel reinforcement, leading to a greater number and/or larger sized steel bars and increased possibility of anomalies within drilled shafts due to reduced apertures between the reinforcement for concrete passage. High-strength steel reinforcement and/or permanent steel casing may be used to provide increased structural resistance in addition to mitigating the concern for voids or other potential anomalies. However, the comparison of lateral load transfer characteristics of drilled shafts with and without permanent steel casing and/or high-strength reinforcement bars has not been previously investigated, which raises questions regarding the suitability of existing analytical approaches for application in these circumstances. This paper presents the full-scale lateral response of drilled shaft foundations constructed with and without steel casing and with high- or mild-strength reinforcement. The lateral loading performance of a cased shaft without internal reinforcement exhibited similar characteristics to a cased shaft with internal reinforcement. Similar lateral loading performance between uncased shafts with mild- and high-strength reinforcement was also observed. The observations and test results indicate that high-strength reinforcement can be used without detriment to the lateral performance of drilled shafts, despite reduced physical confinement provided by transverse reinforcement. Back-calculated soil reaction-displacement () curves indicated significant differences between shafts of similar nominal diameter, indicating nonnegligible effects of soil–foundation interface and diameter.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the many agencies, firms, and individuals who have contributed to this research effort. The authors are grateful for support from the Oregon Department of Transportation through Grant No. SPR 765 and from the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans) through Grant No. DTRT12-UTC10. The International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC) West Coast Chapter (WCC) contributed funds to help offset material costs associated with the construction of the test shafts, with critical coordination efforts and guidance provided by John Starcevich (Malcolm Drilling, Inc.), Becky Patterson (WCC), and Rick Walsh (Hayward Baker, Inc.). Significant in-kind contributions were provided by the following companies to support these research efforts (in no particular order): Malcolm Drilling constructed the test shafts; Pacific Foundation installed the reaction piles; Ralph’s Concrete donated the concrete pumping services. ConTech Systems provided the Grade 80 solid and hollow steel reinforcement bars; PJ’s Rebar provided the Grade 60 steel reinforcement bars and fabricated the cages; Skyline Steel provided the permanent steel casing; Williams Form Engineering provided the Grade 150 steel reinforcement bars for the reaction anchors; Foundation Technologies provided the spacers and bar boots; GEI Consultants provided the crosshole sonic logging services; and Pile Dynamics provided the thermal integrity profiling Thermal Wires and logging services.
References
AASHTO. 2014. LRFD bridge design specifications. 7th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2010. Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms: Working stress design. API RP 2A-WSD. Washington, DC: API.
ASTM. 2014a. Standard test method for integrity testing of concrete deep foundations by ultrasonic crosshole testing. ASTM D6760. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014b. Standard test methods for thermal integrity profiling of concrete deep foundations. ASTM D7949. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barbosa, A. R., T. Link, and D. Trejo. 2015. “Seismic performance of high-strength steel RC bridge columns.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (2): 04015044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000769.
Bierschwale, M. W., H. M. Coyle, and R. E. Bartoskewitz. 1981. “Lateral load tests on drilled shafts founded in clay.” In Proc., Drilled piers and caissons, edited by M. W. O’Neill, 98–113. New York: ASCE.
Brandenberg, S. J., D. W. Wilson, and M. M. Rashid. 2010. “Weighted residual numerical differentiation algorithm applied to experimental bending moment data.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (6): 854–863. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000277.
Brown, D. A. 2004. “Zen and the art of drilled shaft construction: The pursuit of quality.” In Proc., GeoSupport Conf. 2004, 1–15. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/40713(2004)2.
Brown, D. A., and W. M. Camp. 2002. “Lateral load testing program for the Cooper River Bridge, Charleston, SC.” In Proc., Deep Foundations 2002, 95–109. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Brown, D. A., J. P. Turner, and R. J. Castelli. 2010. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and LRFD design methods. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Dickenson, S. E., and B. Z. Haines. 2006. Characterization of the geotechnical engineering field research site at Oregon State University. 3rd ed. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ.
Ganji, A., Q. Li, P. Arduino, and A. W. Stuedlein. 2017. “Performance assessment of laterally-loaded normal and high strength steel-reinforced drilled shafts using 1-D and 3-D numerical methods.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 16WCEE. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Gebman, M., S. A. Ashford, and J. I. Restrepo. 2006. Axial force transfer mechanisms within cast-in-steel-shell piles. La Jolla, CA: Dept. of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Hassan, T. K., H. M. Seliem, H. Dwairi, S. H. Rizkalla, and P. Zia. 2008. “Shear behavior of large concrete beams reinforced with high-strength steel.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (2): 173–179.
Isenhower, W. M., and S. T. Wang. 2015. Technical manual for LPile 2015. Austin, TX: Ensoft.
Khalili-Tehrani, P., E. R. Ahleberg, C. Rha, A. Lemnitzer, J. P. Stewart, E. Taciroglu, and J. W. Wallace. 2014. “Nonlinear load-deflection behavior of reinforced concrete drilled piles in stiff clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (3): 04013022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000957.
Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Ithaca, NY: Electric Power Research Institute and Cornell Univ.
Lam, I., and G. Martin. 1986. Seismic design of highway bridge foundations. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Lam, I. P. O. 2013. “Diameter effects on p-y curves.” In Proc., 38th Annual Meeting of the Deep Foundations Institute. Hawthorne, NJ: Deep Foundations Institute.
Li, Q. 2017. “Investigation of drilled shafts under axial, lateral, and torsional loading.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State Univ.
Li, Q., A. W. Stuedlein, and A. R. Barbosa. 2017a. “Torsional load transfer of drilled shaft foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (8): 04017036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001701.
Li, Q., A. W. Stuedlein, and A. Marinucci. 2017b. “Axial load transfer of drilled shaft foundations with and without steel casing.” J. Deep Found. Inst. 11 (1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19375247.2017.1403074.
Li, Q., and Z. Yang. 2017. “P–Y approach for laterally loaded piles in frozen silt.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (5): 04017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001556.
Martin, J. P. 2018. “Full-scale loading tests of shallow foundations on aggregate pier-reinforced clayey silt.” M.S. thesis, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State Univ.
Matlock, H. 1970. “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” In Proc., 2nd Annual Offshore Technology Conf., OTC 1204, 577–594. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Mayne, P. W., F. H. Kulhawy, and C. H. Trautmann. 1992. An experimental study of the behavior of drilled shaft foundations under static and cyclic lateral and moment loading. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
McKenna, F., M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2010. “Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000002.
Nimityongskul, N., Y. Kawamata, D. Rayamajhi, and S. A. Ashford. 2017. “Full-scale tests on effects of slope on lateral capacity of piles installed in cohesive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (1): 0401710. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001805.
Reese, L. C., W. R. Cox, and F. D. Koop. 1974. “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand.” In Proc., 6th Offshore Technology Conf., Paper 2080, 473–483. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Reese, L. C., and R. C. Welch. 1975. “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (7): 633–649.
Roeder, C., and D. Lehman. 2012. Initial investigation of reinforced concrete filled tubes for use in bridge foundations. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Transportation.
Roeder, C. W., B. Cameron, and C. B. Brown. 1999. “Composite action in concrete filled tubes.” J. Struct. Eng. 125 (5): 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:5(477).
Roeder, C. W., D. E. Lehman, and E. Bishop. 2010. “Strength and stiffness of circular concrete-filled tubes.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (12): 1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000263.
Saatcioglu, M., and S. R. Razvi. 1992. “Strength and ductility of confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 118 (6): 1590–1607. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:6(1590).
Stuedlein, A. W., Q. Li, P. Arduino, and A. Ganji. 2015. Behavior of drilled shafts with high-strength reinforcement and casing. Seattle: Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium Univ. Transportation Center.
Stuedlein, A. W., Q. Li, J. Zammataro, D. Belardo, B. Hertlein, and A. Marinucci. 2016. “Comparison of non-destructive integrity tests on experimental drilled shafts.” In Proc., 41st Annual Meeting of the Deep Foundations Institute. Hawthorne, NJ: Deep Foundations Institute.
Wallace, J. W., P. J. Fox, J. P. Stewart, K. Janoyan, T. Qiu, and S. Lermitte. 2001. Cyclic large deflection testing of shaft bridges: Part I—Background and field test results. Los Angeles: Univ. of California.
Welch, R. C., and L. C. Reese. 1972. Lateral load behavior of drilled shafts. Austin, TX: Center for Highway Research, Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Yang, Z., Q. Li, J. Horazdovsky, J. L. Hulsey, and E. Marx. 2012. “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in frozen soils.” In Proc., GeoCongress 2012, GSP 225, 215–224. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Yang, Z., Q. Li, J. Horazdovsky, J. L. Hulsey, and E. E. Marx. 2017. “Performance and design of laterally loaded piles in frozen ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (5): 06016031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001642.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 9 • September 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 4, 2018
Accepted: Mar 27, 2019
Published online: Jul 11, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 11, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.