Mechanistic Development of CPT-Based Cyclic Strength Correlations for Clean Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 10
Abstract
Mechanistic approaches to developing cone penetration test-based liquefaction triggering correlations are presented and evaluated with an application to Ottawa sand. The mechanistic approaches utilize combinations of data from undrained cyclic direct simple shear tests, dynamic geotechnical centrifuge tests with in-flight cone penetration profiles, and cone penetration simulations. Cyclic direct simple shear tests on Ottawa sand characterize the relationship between cyclic resistance ratio () and relative density (). Relationships between cone tip resistance () and are developed from geotechnical centrifuge tests and cone penetration simulations. Penetration simulations using the MIT-S1 constitutive model with three different calibrations for Ottawa sand examine the role of critical state line shape and position on simulated values. The relationship from laboratory tests is composed with measured and simulated relationships via common values to develop relationships. An alternative relationship is developed from inverse analyses of centrifuge test sensor array data (i.e., arrays of accelerometers and pore pressure sensors). The results of these different approaches are compared to case history–based correlations for clean sand and their relative merits discussed. Recommendations are provided for future application of these mechanistic approaches to developing liquefaction-triggering correlations of poorly characterized or unique soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (Award No. CMMI-1300518) and the California Department of Water Resources (Contract No. 4600009751). Funding for the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) centrifuge facility at UC Davis was provided by the National Science Foundation (Award No. CMMI-1520581). Part of the funding for the laboratory testing was provided by COLCIENCIAS call 529 of 2011 doctoral loan-scholarship program. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of either agency.
References
Been, K., and M. G. Jeffries. 1985. “A state parameter for sands.” Geotechnique 35 (2): 99–112.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2014. CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures., Davis, CA: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2016. “CPT-based liquefaction triggering procedure.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (2): 04015065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001388.
Carraro, J. A. H., P. Bandini, and R. Salgado. 2003. “Liquefaction resistance of clean and nonplastic silty sands based on cone penetration resistance.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (11): 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(965).
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. Forthcoming. “Effect of partial drainage on cyclic strengths of saturated sands in dynamic centrifuge tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002085.
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. 2017. “Effect of multiple shaking events on cone penetration resistances in saturated sand.” In Proc., Performance-based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, PBD-III Vancouver, edited by M. Taiebat, et al. London, UK: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, J. T. DeJong, and J. D. Bronner. 2019. “Progressive changes in liquefaction and cone penetration resistance across multiple shaking events in centrifuge tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (3): 04018112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001995.
Darby, K. M., J. D. Bronner, A. M. Parra Bastidas, R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. 2016. “Effect of shaking history on the cone penetration resistance and cyclic strength of saturated sand.” In Proc., Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016, 1460–1471, Reston, VA: ASCE.
Darendelli, M. B. 2001. “Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Monograph MNO-12. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Jaeger, R. A. 2012. “Numerical and experimental study on cone penetration in sands and intermediate soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Jamiolkowski, M., D. C. F. Lo Presti, and M. Manassero. 2001. “Evaluation of relative density and shear strength of sands from CPT and DMT.” Soil Behav. Soft Ground Constr. 119: 201–238. https://doi.org/10.1061/40659(2003)7.
Kamai, R., and R. W. Boulanger. 2010. “Characterizing localization processes during liquefaction using inverse analyses of instrumentation arrays.” In Meso-scale shear physics in earthquake and landslide mechanics, edited by Y. H. Hatzor, J. Sulem, and I. Vardoulakis, 219–238. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kokusho, T., H. Tadashi, and K. Murahata. 2006. “Liquefaction strength of sands containing fines compared with cone resistance in triaxial specimens.” In Proc., Geomechanics II: Testing, Modeling, and Simulation, 356–373. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Lade, P. V., and J. A. Yamamuro. 1996. “Undrained sand behavior in axisymmetric tests at high pressures.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (2): 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:2(120).
Mitchell, J. K., and D. J. Tseng. 1990. “Assessment of liquefaction potential by cone penetration resistance.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., HB Seed Memorial Symp. Tokyo, Japan: International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Moss, R. E. S., R. B. Seed, R. E. Kayen, J. P. Stewart, T. L. Youd, and K. Tokimatsu. 2003. Field case histories for CPT-based in situ liquefaction potential evaluation. Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Moug, D. M. 2017. “Axisymmetric cone penetration model for sands and clays.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Moug, D. M., R. W. Boulanger, J. T. DeJong, and R. A. Jaeger. 2019. “Axisymmetric cone penetration simulations in saturated clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (4): 04019008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002024.
Oztoprak, S., and M. D. Bolton. 2013. “Stiffness of sands through a laboratory test database.” Geotechnique 63 (1): 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.078.
Parra Bastidas, A. M. 2016. “Ottawa F-65 sand characterization.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Parra Bastidas, A. M., R. W. Boulanger, T. J. Carey, and J. T. DeJong. 2016. “Ottawa F-65 sand data from Ana Maria Parra Bastidas.” NEEShub. Accessed August 01, 2017. https://doi.org/10.17603/DS2MW2R.
Parra Bastidas, A. M., R. W. Boulanger, J. T. DeJong, and A. B. Price. 2017. “Effects of pre-strain history on the cyclic resistance of Ottawa F-65 sand.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo, Japan: International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Pestana, J. M., and A. J. Whittle. 1995. “Compression model for cohesionless soils.” Geotechnique 45 (4): 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1995.45.4.611.
Pestana, J. M., and A. J. Whittle. 1999. “Formulation of a unified constitutive model for clays and sands.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 23 (12): 1215–1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199910)23:12%3C1215::AID-NAG29%3E3.0.CO;2-F.
Pestana, J. M., A. J. Whittle, and A. Gens. 2002a. “Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands. Part II: Clay behaviour.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 26 (11): 1123–1146. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.238.
Pestana, J. M., A. J. Whittle, and L. A. Salvati. 2002b. “Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands. Part I: Sand behaviour.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 26 (11): 1097–1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.237.
Price, A. B. 2018. “Cyclic strength and cone penetration resistance for mixtures of silica silt and kaolin.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Robertson, P. K., and R. G. Campanella. 1985. “Liquefaction potential of sands using the CPT.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (3): 384–403. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:3(384).
Robertson, P. K., and C. E. Wride. 1998. “Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (3): 442–459. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-017.
Salgado, R., R. W. Boulanger, and J. K. Mitchell. 1997a. “Lateral stress effects on CPT liquefaction resistance correlations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123 (8): 726–735. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(726).
Salgado, R., J. K. Mitchell, and M. Jamiolkowski. 1997b. “Cavity expansion and penetration resistance in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123 (4): 344–354. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(344).
Seed, H. B. 1979. “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 105 (GT2): 201–255.
Seed, H. B., and P. De Alba. 1986. “Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands.” In Use of in situ tests in geotechnical engineering, 281–302. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss. 1970. Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, F. Makdisi, and N. Banerjee. 1975. Representation of irregular stress time histories by equivalent uniform stress series in liquefaction analyses. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Uesugi, M., and H. Kishida. 1986. “Frictional resistance at yield between dry sand and mild steel.” Soils Found. 26 (4): 139–149. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.26.4_139.
Vaid, P., and S. Sasitharan. 1992. “The strength and dilatancy of sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 29 (3): 522–526. https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-058.
Youd, T. L., et al. 2001. “Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (10): 817–833. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(817).
Ziotopoulou, K., J. Montgomery, A. M. Parra Bastidas, and B. Morales. 2018. “Cyclic strength of Ottawa F-65 sand: Laboratory testing and constitutive model calibration.” In Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, edited by S. J. Brandenberg and M. T. Manzari, 180–189. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 10 • October 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 26, 2018
Accepted: Mar 8, 2019
Published online: Jul 26, 2019
Published in print: Oct 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 26, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.