Cyclic Capacity and Diving Potential of Novel Fish Anchor in Calcareous Silt
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 9
Abstract
This paper reports the performance of a novel dynamically installed fish anchor under cyclic operational loading in calcareous silt. The investigation was carried out through a series of centrifuge model tests. The results demonstrate that the pullout capacity of the fish dynamically installed anchor (DIA) subjected to cyclic loading is dependent on the combination of cyclic mean load, cyclic load amplitude, and number of cycles. A design contour is proposed for estimating the anchor capacity under various magnitudes of cyclic load. The evolution of anchor displacement, inclination, and excess pore pressure are quantified and their influences on the fish DIA capacity are highlighted. With a tip embedment depth of 1.02–1.43 times the anchor length during dynamic installation, the fish DIA was found to dive in calcareous silt for mooring mudline inclinations under both monotonic and cyclic operational loadings, whereas by contrast, the OMNI-Max anchor with tip embedment of 1.4–2 times the anchor length did not dive for inclinations as low as 1°–10°. As such, the fish DIA has the potential for efficient anchoring to allow economic development of oil and gas reserves in deep water with calcareous seabed sediments.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The first author is the recipient of an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and an Australian Postgraduate Award. The research presented here was undertaken with support from the Australian Research Council through the Discover Early Career Researcher Award DE140100903. The work forms part of the activities of the Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS), currently supported as a node of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Geotechnical Science and Engineering, through Centre of Excellence funding from the State Government of Western Australia and in partnership with The Lloyd’s Register Foundation. This support is gratefully acknowledged, as is the assistance of the beam centrifuge technicians, Mr. Adam Stubbs and Mr. Manuel Palacios.
References
Andersen, K. H. 2015. “Cyclic soil parameters for offshore foundation design.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, ISFOG2015, 5–82. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Andersen, K. H., A. A. Puech, and R. J. Jardine. 2013. “Cyclic resistant geotechnical design and parameter selection for offshore engineering and other applications.” In Proc., TC-209 Workshop, Design for Cyclic Loading: Piles and Other Foundations, 9–44. Paris: Presses des Ponts.
Boukpeti, N., and D. J. White. 2011. Strength characterisation of a carbonate silt across the solid-fluid boundary report no. GEO: 11549, MERIWA project no. M395. Crawley, WA: Univ. of Western Australia.
Brandão, F. E. N., C. C. D. Henriques, J. B. Araújo, O. C. G. Ferreira, and C. dos Santos Amaral. 2006. “Albacora Leste field development—FPSO P-50 mooring system concept and installation.” In Proc., 38th Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Chang, K., M. S. Hossain, D. Wang, and Y. H. Kim. 2019. “Performance of a novel dynamically installed fish anchor in calcareous silt.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (6): 04019019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002042.
Chen, J. 2017. “Centrifuge model study on pull-out behaviour of suction embedded plate anchor.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Univ. of Singapore.
Chen, W., and M. F. Randolph. 2007. “Uplift capacity of suction caissons under sustained and cyclic loading in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (11): 1352–1363. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:11(1352).
Clukey, E. C., M. J. Morrison, J. Gamier, and J. F. Corte. 1995. “The response of suction caissons in normally consolidated TLP loading conditions.” In Proc., 27th Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Coop, M., K. Sorensen, T. B. Freitas, and G. Georgoutsos. 2004. “Particle breakage during shearing of a carbonate sand.” Géotechnique 54 (3): 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.3.157.
Einav, I., and M. F. Randolph. 2005. “Combining upper bound and strain path methods for evaluating penetration resistance.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 63 (14): 1991–2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1350.
El-Gharbawy, S., and R. Olson. 1999. “The cyclic pullout capacity of suction caisson foundations.” In Proc., 9th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., ISOPE’99, 660–667. Mountain View, CA: The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Finnie, I. M., and M. F. Randolph. 1994. “Bearing response of shallow foundations in uncemented calcareous soil.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Centrifuge ‘94, 535–540. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Han, C., D. Wang, C. Gaudin, C. D. O’Loughlin, and M. J. Cassidy. 2016. “Behaviour of vertically loaded plate anchors under sustained uplift.” Géotechnique 66 (8): 681–693. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.232.
Hossain, M. S., C. D. O’Loughlin, and Y. Kim. 2015. “Dynamic installation and monotonic pullout of a torpedo anchor in calcareous silt.” Géotechnique 65 (2): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.153.
Kim, Y. H., M. S. Hossain, and K. Chang. 2018. “Numerical investigation of novel dynamic installed anchors in clay and calcareous silt.” Ocean Eng. 163 (Sep): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.051.
Koh, K. X., M. S. Hossain, and Y. Kim. 2017. “Installation and monotonic pullout of a suction caisson anchor in calcareous silt.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (2): 04016098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001604.
Kohan, O., M. J. Cassidy, C. Gaudin, and B. Bienen. 2016. “Experimental investigation of the effect of cyclic loading on spudcan extraction.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 138 (2): 021301. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032157.
Lenci, S., and M. Callegari. 2005. “Simple analytical models for the J-lay problem.” Acta Mech. 178 (1–2): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-005-0239-x.
Lieng, J. T., T. I. Tjelta, and K. Skaugset. 2010. “Installation of two prototype deep penetrating anchors at the Gjøa Field in the North sea.” In Proc., 42nd Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Mao, X., and M. Fahey. 2003. “Behaviour of calcareous soils in undrained cyclic simple shear.” Géotechnique 53 (8): 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.8.715.
Medeiros, C. J., Jr. 2002. “Low cost anchor system for flexible risers in deep waters.” In Proc. 34th Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Miao, G., and D. Airey. 2013. “Breakage and ultimate states for a carbonate sand.” Géotechnique 63 (14): 1221–1229. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.111.
O’Loughlin, C. D., C. Gaudin, J. P. Morton, and D. J. White. 2014. “MEMS accelerometers for measuring dynamic penetration events in geotechnical centrifuge tests.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 14 (2): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.13.00020.
O’Loughlin, C. D., M. F. Randolph, and M. Richardson. 2004. “Experimental and theoretical studies of deep penetrating anchors.” In Proc., 36th Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
O’Loughlin, C. D., M. D. Richardson, M. F. Randolph, and C. Gaudin. 2013. “Penetration of dynamically installed anchors in clay.” Géotechnique 63 (11): 909–919. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.11.P.137.
Randolph, M. F. 2012. “Offshore design approaches and model tests for sub-failure cyclic loading of foundations.” In Mechanical behaviour of soils under environmentally induced cyclic loads, edited by C. Prisco, and D. M. Wood, 441–480. New York: Springer.
Randolph, M. F., R. J. Jewell, K. J. L. Stone, and T. A. Brown. 1991. “Establishing a new centrifuge facility.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Centrifuge Modelling, Centrifuge ’91, 3–9. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Randolph, M. F., M. P. O’Neill, D. P. Stewart, and C. Erbrich. 1998. “Performance of suction anchors in fine-grained calcaresous soils.” In Proc., 30th Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Richardson, M. D. 2008. “Dynamically installed anchors for floating offshore structures.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, Univ. of Western Australia.
Sharma, S. S., and M. A. Ismail. 2006. “Monotonic and cyclic behavior of two calcareous soils of different origins.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (12): 1581–1591. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:12(1581).
Shelton, J. T. 2007. “OMNI-Max anchor development and technology.” In Proc., 2007 Oceans Conf. New York: IEEE.
Wei, Q., Y. Tian, M. J. Cassidy, C. Gaudin, and C. D. O’Loughlin. 2015. Behaviour of OMNI-Max anchors under chain loading. In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG), 925–930. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
White, D. J., C. Gaudin, N. Boylan, and H. Zhou. 2010. “Interpretation of T-bar penetrometer tests at shallow embedment and in very soft soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 47 (2): 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-09610.1139/T09-096.
Zimmerman, E. H., M. Smith, and J. T. Shelton. 2009. “Efficient gravity installed anchor for deepwater mooring.” In Proc., 41st Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 9 • September 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 9, 2017
Accepted: Feb 21, 2019
Published online: Jul 10, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 10, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.