State-Dependent Volume Change during Creep in Engineered Silty Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 6
Abstract
To investigate the volumetric creep behavior of engineered sand containing nonplastic silt, a series of creep tests was performed under various stress conditions and initial void ratios. It was found that contractive or dilative volumetric creep behavior was determined by a specific combination of the void ratio () and the mean normal effective stress () at the beginning of creep. Based on the experimental results, the range for which no volumetric change occurs during creep was determined, and this group of specific combinations of and was defined as the zero-creep volume change zone (ZCVZ). The contractive or dilative volume change pattern during creep can be predicted by the positions of and relative to the ZCVZ on the plane. The creep mechanism of the observed volumetric behavior was explained by adopting the microscopic mechanisms of dislocation slip and the recovery process in the creep of metals.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No. 2015R1A2A2A01005969). This research was also supported by a grant (Development of life-cycle engineering technique and construction method for global competitiveness upgrade of cable bridges, 18SCIP-B119953) from Smart Civil Infrastructure Research Program funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) of the Korean government and the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA).
References
Anhdan, L., F. Tatsuoka, and J. Koseki. 2006. “Viscous effects on the stress-strain behavior of gravelly soil in drained triaxial compression.” Geotech. Test. J. 29 (4): 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ12720.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for consolidated drained triaxial compression test for soils. ASTM D7181. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bowman, E. T. 2002. “Ageing and creep of dense granular materials.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Bowman, E. T., and K. Soga. 2003. “Creep, ageing and microstructural change in dense granular materials.” Soils Found. 43 (4): 107–117. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.4_107.
Bowman, E. T., and K. Soga. 2005. “Mechanisms of setup of displacement piles in sand: Laboratory creep tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 42 (5): 1391–1407. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-063.
Cho, W., and R. J. Finno. 2009. “Stress-strain responses of block samples of compressible Chicago glacial clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (1): 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000186.
Chow, F., R. Jardine, F. Brucy, and J. Nauroy. 1998. “Effects of time on capacity of pipe piles in dense marine sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (3): 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:3(254).
Chow, F., R. Jardine, J. Nauroy, and F. Brucy. 1997. “Time-related increases in the shaft capacities of driven piles in sand.” Geotechnique 47 (2): 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.2.353.
Crawford, C. B., and K. I. Morrison. 1996. “Case histories illustrate the importance of secondary-type consolidation settlements in the Fraser River delta.” Can. Geotech. J. 33 (6): 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-117.
Duttine, A., A. Ezaoui, Y. Sasaki, and F. Tatsuoka. 2010. “Simulation of creep failure of soil by a non-linear three component elastoviscoplastic model.” In Proc., 45th Japanese National Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering, 299–300. Matsuyama, Japan: JGS.
Enomoto, T., J. Koseki, F. Tatsuoka, and T. Sato. 2016. “Creep failure of natural gravelly soil and its simulation.” Geotechnique 66 (11): 865–877. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.144.
Ezaoui, A., F. Tatsuoka, A. Duttine, and H. Di Benedetto. 2011. “Creep failure of geomaterials and its numerical simulation.” Geotech. Lett. 1 (3): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.11.00009.
Hannink, G. 1994. “Settlement of high-rise buildings in Rotterdam.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, 441–441. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Hull, D., and D. J. Bacon. 2011. Introduction to dislocations. London: Elsevier.
Jardine, R., J. Standing, and F. Chow. 2006. “Some observations of the effects of time on the capacity of piles driven in sand.” Geotechnique 56 (4): 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.4.227.
Joshi, R. C., G. Achari, S. R. Kaniraj, and H. Wijeweera. 1995. “Effect of aging on the penetration resistance of sands.” Can. Geotech. J 32 (5): 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1139/t95-075.
Karimpour, H., and P. V. Lade. 2010. “Time effects relate to crushing in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (9): 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000335.
Karimpour, H., and P. V. Lade. 2013. “Creep behavior in Virginia Beach sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (11): 1159–1178. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0467.
Komornik, A., G. Wiseman, and J. G. Zeitlen. 1972. “Building settlement on end-bearing driven piles.” In Proc., ASCE Specialty Conf. on Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, 1135–1153. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kondou, E., T. Yoshida, A. Mochizuki, T. Torii, and H. Tamano. 2002. “Creep characteristics and long-term settlement of gravelly soils.” In Proc., 37th Japan National Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering, 609–610. Tokyo: Japanes Geotechnical Society.
Kuhn, M. R., and J. K. Mitchell. 1992. “The modeling of soil creep with the discrete element method.” Eng. Comput. 9 (2): 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb023866.
Kuwano, R., and R. J. Jardine. 2002. “On measuring creep behaviour in granular materials through triaxial testing.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (5): 1061–1074. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-059.
Kwok, C., and M. Bolton. 2010. “DEM simulations of thermally activated creep in soils.” Geotechnique 60 (6): 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2010.60.6.425.
Kwok, C., and M. Bolton. 2013. “DEM simulations of soil creep due to particle crushing.” Geotechnique 63 (16): 1365–1376. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.11.P.089.
Lade, P. V., C. D. Liggio Jr., and J. Nam. 2009. “Strain rate, creep, and stress drop-creep experiments on crushed coral sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (7): 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000067.
Lade, P. V., and C.-T. Liu. 1998. “Experimental study of drained creep behavior of sand.” J. Eng. Mech. 124 (8): 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:8(912).
Lee, K. L., and I. Farhoomand. 1967. “Compressibility and crushing of granular soil in anisotropic triaxial compression.” Can. Geotech. J. 4 (1): 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1139/t67-012.
Leung, C., F. Lee, and N. Yet. 1996. “The role of particle breakage in pile creep in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 33 (6): 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-119.
McDowell, G., and M. Bolton. 1998. “On the micromechanics of crushable aggregates.” Geotechnique 48 (5): 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.5.667.
McDowell, G., and J. Khan. 2003. “Creep of granular materials.” Granular Matter 5 (3): 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-003-0142-x.
Mejia, C., Y. P. Vaid, and D. Negussey. 1988. “Time dependent behaviour of sand.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Rheology and Soil Mechanics, 312–326. Coventry, UK: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
Mesri, G., T. W. Feng, and J. M. Benak. 1990. “Postdensification penetration resistance of clean sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (7): 1095–1115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:7(1095).
Mitchell, J. K., and J. C. Santamarina. 2005. “Biological considerations in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (10): 1222–1233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:10(1222).
Mitchell, J. K., and Z. V. Solymar. 1984. “Time-dependent strength gain in freshly deposited or densified sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 110 (11): 1559–1576. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:11(1559).
Murayama, S., K. Michihiro, and T. Sakagami. 1984. “Creep characteristics of sands.” Soils Found. 24 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.24.2_1.
Oda, M. 1972. “The mechanism of fabric changes during compressional deformation of sand.” Soils Found. 12 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.12.1.
Oldecop, L., and E. Alonso. 2007. “Theoretical investigation of the time-dependent behaviour of rockfill.” Geotechnique 57 (3): 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.3.289.
Park, K. H. 2015. “Deformation and stiffness characteristics during creep of weathered residual soil in Korea.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National Univ.
Rimoy, S. P., and R. J. Jardine. 2011. “On strain accumulation in a silica sand under creep and low level cyclic loading.” In Proc., 5th Int. Symp. on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Seoul 2011, 463–470. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.
Schmertmann, J. H. 1991. “The mechanical aging of soils.” J. Geotech. Eng. 117 (9): 1288–1330. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:9(1288).
Singh, A., and J. Mitchell. 1968. “General stress-strain-time functions for soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 94 (1): 21–46.
Skempton, A. 1954. “Discussion of the structure of inorganic soil.” Proc. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 80 (478): 19–22.
Sweeney, M., and M. Lambson. 1991. “Long term settlements of storage tanks on sand.” In Proc., 10th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 587–591. Exton, PA: AGI.
Takei, M., O. Kusakabe, and T. Hayashi. 2001. “Time-dependent behavior of crushable materials in one-dimensional compression tests.” Soils Found. 41 (1): 97–121. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.97.
Takei, M., T. Yoneima, M. Galer, and O. Kusakabe. 1998. Time dependent behavior of geomaterials due to particle crushing. Tokyo: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Vesic, A. S., and G. W. Clough. 1968. “Behavior of granular materials under high stresses.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 94 (3): 661–688.
Wang, Y.-H., D. Xu, and K. Y. Tsui. 2008. “Discrete element modeling of contact creep and aging in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (9): 1407–1411. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:9(1407).
Yet, N. S., C. F. Leung, and F. H. Lee. 1996. “Post-installation behavior of pile.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 12th Southeast Asian Geotech. Conf., 429–434. Pathumthani, Thailand: Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society.
York, D. L., W. G. Brusey, F. M. Clémente, and S. K. Law. 1994. “Setup and relaxation in glacial sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 120 (9): 1498–1513. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:9(1498).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 6 • June 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 6, 2018
Accepted: Nov 19, 2018
Published online: Mar 25, 2019
Published in print: Jun 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Aug 25, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.