Simulation of Torsionally Loaded Deep Foundations Considering State-Dependent Load Transfer
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 8
Abstract
Deep foundations may need to resist torsional loads, resulting from wind loading on traffic sign and signal pole structures, or seismic loading on curved or skewed bridges. Although design methods for deep foundations at the ultimate limit states are readily available, no significant effort exists to quantify the accuracy of existing load transfer–based torsion-rotation methods to predict the full-scale, in-service rotation performance that considers state-dependence of the soil. To facilitate the serviceability and ultimate limit state design of geometrically variable deep foundations constructed in multilayered soils, this paper presents a torsional load transfer method using a finite-difference model (FDM) framework. Simplified state-dependent load transfer models that relate the unit torsional resistance to the magnitude of relative displacement are developed considering soil-structure interface shear test results. The proposed FDM methodology is validated by comparison with existing analytical solutions and with physical model tests. Parametric studies are conducted to illustrate the role of various design parameters and demonstrate significant effects of nonlinear soil-structure response on the torsional behavior of deep foundations, including the effects of pressure-dependent softening at the soil-structure interface.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by Grant Nos. SPR 304-701 and DTRT13-G-UTC4O through the Oregon Department of Transportation and the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium, respectively, for which the authors are grateful. The authors thank Professor Andre Barbosa of Oregon State University for helpful discussions regarding the structural response to torsion.
References
Adami, N., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2015. “Region-specific load transfer model for ACIP piles in granular soils.” In Proc., IFCEE 2015, 712–722. Reston, VA: ASCE.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 1993. Recommended practice for planning, design, and constructing fixed offshore platforms. API RP 2A–WSD. 20th ed. Washington, DC: API.
Ashour, M., P. Pilling, G. Norris, and H. Perez. 1996. Development of strain wedge model program for pile group interference and pile cap contribution effects. CCEER Rep. No. 96-4. Reno, NV: Univ. of Nevada.
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Geotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Boulanger, R. 2003. “Relating Kα to relative state parameter index.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (8): 770–773. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(770).
Brown, D. A., J. P. Turner, and R. J. Castelli. 2010. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and LRFD design methods. Rep. No. FHWA-NHI-10-016. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Cao, W., Y. Chen, and W. E. Wolfe. 2014. “New load transfer hyperbolic model for pile-soil interface and negative skin friction on single piles embedded in soft soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000289.
Chen, S. L., L. G. Kong, and L. M. Zhang. 2016. “Analysis of pile groups subjected to torsional loading.” Comput. Geotech. 71: 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.09.004.
Chin, F. K. 1970. “Estimation of the pile ultimate load of piles not carried to failure.” In Proc., 2nd Southern Asian Conf. on Soil Engineering, 81–90. Singapore: Univ. of Singapore.
Chin, F. K. 1971. “Discussion of ‘Pile test, Arkansas River project’.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 97 (6): 930–932.
Chow, Y. K. 1985. “Torsional response of piles in nonhomogeneous soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (7), 942–947. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:7(942).
Clemence, S. P., and W. F. Brumund. 1975. “Large-scale model test of drilled pier in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (6): 537–550.
Clough, G. W., and J. M. Duncan. 1971. “Finite element analyses of retaining wall behavior.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 97 (12): 1657–1673.
Cox, W. R., L. C. Reese, and B. R. Grubbs. 1974. “Field testing of laterally loaded piles in sand.” In Proc., 6th Offshore Technology Conf., OTC, 459–472. Houston.
Coyle, H. M., and L. C. Reese. 1966. “Load transfer for axially loaded piles in clay.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div. 92 (2): 1–26.
Coyle, H. M., and I. Sulaiman. 1967. “Skin friction for steel piles in sand.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 93 (6): 261–270.
DeJong, J. T., and J. D. Frost. 2002. “A multisleeve friction attachment for the cone penetrometer.” Geotech. Test. J. 25 (2): 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11355J.
Desai, C. S., and M. Zaman. 2014. Advanced geotechnical engineering soil–structure interaction using computer and material models. Boca Baton, FL: CRC, Taylor & Francis.
Dove, J. E., and J. B. Jarrett. 2002. “Behavior of dilative sand interfaces in a geotribology framework.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:1(25).
Duncan, J. M., and C.-Y. Chang. 1970. “Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain of soil.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 96 (5): 1629–1653.
Frost, J. D., G. L. Hebeler, T. M. Evans, and J. T. DeJong. 2004. “Interface behavior of granular soils.” In Proc., 9th Biennial Conf. on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, 8. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Georgiadis, M., and S. Saflekou. 1990. “Piles under axial and torsional loads.” Comput. Geotech. 9 (4): 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-352X(90)90043-U.
Gere, J. M., and S. P. Timoshenko. 1997. Mechanics of materials. Boston: PWS.
Gómez, J. E., G. M. Filz, and R. M. Ebeling. 2000a. Development of an improved numerical model for concrete-to-soil interfaces in soil-structure interaction analyses. Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
Gómez, J. E., G. M. Filz, and R. M. Ebeling. 2000b. Extended load/unload/reload hyperbolic model for interfaces: Parameter values and model performance for the contact between concrete and coarse sand. ERDC/ITL TR-00-7. Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
Gómez, J. E., G. M. Filz, and R. M. Ebeling. 2003. “Extended hyperbolic model for sand-to-concrete interfaces.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (11): 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(993).
Guo, W. D., Y. K. Chow, and M. F. Randolph. 2007. “Torsional pile in two-layered nonhomogeneous soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 7 (6): 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2007)7:6(410).
Guo, W. D., and M. F. Randolph. 1996. “Torsional piles in nonhomogeneous media.” Comput. Struct. 19 (4): 265–287.
Hache, R. A. G., and A. J. Valsangkar. 1988. “Torsional resistance of single pile in layered soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (2): 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(216).
Hardin, B. O. 1978. “The nature of stress-strain behavior of soils.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Division, Specialty Conf., 3–90. New York: ASCE.
Hardin, B. O., and F. E. Richart Jr. 1963. “Elastic wave velocities in granular soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 89 (1): 33–65.
Holloway, D. M., G. W. Clough, and A. S. Vesic. 1975. Mechanics of pile-soil interaction in cohesionless soil. Vicksburg, MS: US Army Waterways Experiment Station.
Huffman, J. C., A. W. Strahler, and A. W. Stuedlein. 2015. “Reliability-based serviceability limit state design for immediate settlement of spread footings on clay.” Soils Found. 55 (4): 798–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.012.
Iscimen, M. 2004. “Shearing behavior of curved interfaces.” M.S. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Jaky, J. 1944. “The coefficient of earth pressure at-rest.” J. Soc. Hung. Archit. Eng. 78 (22): 355–358.
Kim, S., S. Jeong, S. Cho, and I. Park. 1999. “Shear load transfer characteristics of drilled shafts in weathered rocks.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (11): 999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:11(999).
Kondner, R. L. 1963. “Hyperbolic stress–strain response: Cohesive soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 89 (1): 115–144.
Kong, L. G., and L. M. Zhang. 2009. “Nonlinear analysis of torsionally loaded pile groups.” Soils Found. 49 (2): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.275.
Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.
Lee, J., R. Salgado, and J. A. H. Carraro. 2004. “Stiffness degradation and shear strength of silty sands.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (5): 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-034.
Li, Q., A. W. Stuedlein, and A. R. Barbosa. 2017. “Torsional load transfer of drilled shaft foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (8): 04017036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001701.
Li, Q., and Z. Yang. 2017. “P–Y approach for laterally loaded piles in frozen silt.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (5): 04017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001556.
Lings, M. L., and M. S. Dietz. 2005. “The peak strength of sand-steel interfaces and the role of dilation.” Soils Found. 45 (6): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.45.1.
Matlock, H. 1970. “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” In Proc., 2nd Annual Offshore Technology Conf., 577–594. Englewood, CO: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.
Norris, G. M. 1986. “Theoretically based BEF laterally loaded pile analysis.” In Proc., Third Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, 361–386. Paris: Editions Technip.
O’Neill, M. W. 1964. “Determination of the pile-head torque-twist relationship for a circular pile embedded in a clay soil.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Texas.
O’Neill, M. W., and L. C. Reese. 1999. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and design methods. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration.
Poulos, H. G. 1975. “Torsional response of piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (10): 1019–1035.
Randolph, M. F. 1981. “Piles subjected to torsion.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 107 (8): 1095–1111.
Reese, L., and R. Welch. 1975. “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (7): 633–649.
Reese, L. C., W. R. Cox, and F. D. Koop. 1975. “Field testing and analysis of laterally loaded piles in stiff clay.” In Proc., 7th Offshore Technology Conf., 671–690. Richardson, TX: SPE.
Salgado, R., P. Bandini, and K. Karim. 2000. “Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (5): 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:5(451).
Stuedlein, A. W., and S. C. Reddy. 2014. “Factors affecting the reliability of augered cast-in-place piles in granular soils at the serviceability limit state.” J. Deep Found. Inst. 7 (2): 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1179/dfi.2013.7.2.004.
Subba Rao, K. S., M. M. Allam, and R. G. Robinson. 1998. “Interfacial friction between sands and solid surfaces.” Geotech. Eng. 131 (2): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1998.30112.
Teachavorasinskun, S., S. Shibuya, and F. Tatsuoka. 1991. “Stiffness of sands in monotonic and cyclic torsional simple shear.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., of Geotechnical Engineering Congress, edited by F. G. McLean, D. A. Campbell, and D. W. Harris, 863–878. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Tomlinson, M. J. 1980. Foundation design and construction. 4th ed., 793. Boston: Pitman Advanced Publishing Program.
Uesugi, M., and H. Kishida. 1986. “Frictional resistance at yield between dry sand and mild steel.” Soils Found. 26 (4): 139–149. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.26.4_139.
Vijayvergiya, V. N. 1977. “Load-movement characteristics of piles.” In Proc., Ports ‘77: 4th Annual Symp., Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Division, 269–284. New York: ASCE.
Ward, H. C. 1982. “Profile characterization.” Chap. 4 in Rough surfaces, edited by T. R. Thomas. London: Longman.
Wong, K. S., and C. I. Teh. 1995. “Negative skin friction on piles in layered deposits.” J. Geotech. Eng. 12 (6): 457–465. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:6(457).
Zhang, L. 2010. “Nonlinear analysis of torsionally loaded piles in a two-layer soil profile.” Int. J. Geomech. 10 (2): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000038.
Zhang, L. M., and L. G. Kong. 2006. “Centrifuge modeling of torsional response of piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 43 (5): 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-020.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 8 • August 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 5, 2017
Accepted: Mar 12, 2018
Published online: Jun 8, 2018
Published in print: Aug 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Nov 8, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.