Effects of Densification and Stiffening on Liquefaction Risk of Reinforced Soil by Stone Columns
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 10
Abstract
The installation of stone columns is widely adopted to prevent liquefaction. The main improvement mechanisms of stone columns as a liquefaction countermeasure are drainage, stiffening, and densification. This paper investigates the effectiveness of stone columns as a liquefaction remediation. Twenty-four case studies, in which SPT and CPT tests are performed before and after stone column reinforcement, are used as a basis of the research. Densification and stiffening mechanisms are investigated and their individual and combined effects are analyzed. Comparative results indicate that considering the densification and stiffening effects considerably improve the assessment of liquefaction potential of reinforced soil by stone columns.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adalier, K., Elgamal, A., Meneses, J. F., and Baez, J. I. (2003). “Stone columns as liquefaction counter-measure in non-plastic silty soils.” J. Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 23(7), 571–584.
Ashford, S. A., Rollins, K. M., Bradford, S. C., Weaver, T. J., and Baez, J. I. (2000). “Liquefaction mitigation using stone columns around deep foundation: Full scale test results.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1736, 110–118.
Baez, J. I., and Martin, G. (1992). “Liquefaction observation during installation of stone columns using the vibro-replacement technique.” Geotech. News, 10(3), 41–44.
Baez, J. I., and Martin, G. R. (1993). “Advances in the design of vibro systems for the improvement of liquefaction resistance.” Proc., Symp. of Ground Improvement, Vancouver Geotechnical Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Basarkar, S. S., Panse, V., and Wankhade, R. (2009). “Ground strengthening by vibro-stone columns—A case study.” Indian Geotechnical Conf. IGC, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Guntur, India.
Bell, A., Kirkland, D., and Sinclair, A. (1986). “Vibro-replacement ground improvement at General Terminus Quay, Glasgow.” Symp. on Building on Marginal and Derelict Land, Institution of Civil Engineers, London.
Ben Salem, Z., Frikha, W., and Bouassida, M. (2016). “Effect of granular-column installation on excess pore pressure variation during soil liquefaction.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015046.
Blanchard, J. D., and Clements, K. (1993). “Site improvements with stone columns in stratified silty soils.” 3rd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology, St. Louis, MI.
Boulanger, R., Idriss, I., Stewart, D., Hashash, Y., and Schmidt, B. (1998). “Drainage capacity of stone columns or gravel drains for mitigating liquefaction.” Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics III, P. Dakoulas, M. Yegian, and R. D. Holtz, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 678–690.
Cetin, K. O., et al. (2004). “Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(12), 1314–1340.
Chambosse, G. (1983). “Liquefaction problems in the Fraser Delta and protection of a LNG tank.” Celebration publication for the 70th birthday of Prof. Herbert Breth, Darmstadt, Germany, 105–112.
Chen, B. S., and Bailey, M. J. (2004). “Lessons learned from a stone column test program in glacial deposits.” GeoSupport 2004: Drilled shafts, micropiling, deep mixing, remedial methods, and specialty foundation systems, J. P. Turner and P. W. Mayne, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 508–519.
Durgunoglu, H. T., Kulac, H., Nur, O., Ikiz, S., Akbal, O., and Olgun, C. (1995). “A case study on determination of soil improvement realization using CPT.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Cone Penetration Testings, Swedish Geotechnical Society, Linköping, Sweden.
Duzceer, R. (2003). “Ground improvement of oil storage tanks using stone columns.” Proc., 12th PanAmerican Conf. in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Essen: Verlag Glückauf GMBH, Cambridge, MA.
Gambin, M. P. (1992). “Reducing liquefaction potential by deep soil improvement.” Chapter II–4, Recent advances in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, Ouest Editions, Nantes, France.
Goughnour, R. R., and Pestana, J. M. (1998). “Mechanical behavior of stone columns under seismic loading.” 2nd Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement Techniques, Ci-Premier Pte Ltd., Singapore.
Green, R., Olgun, C., and Wissmann, K. (2008). “Shear stress redistribution as a mechanism to mitigate the risk of liquefaction.” Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics IV, D. Zeng, M. T. Manzari, and D. R. Hiltunen, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA.
Hayward Baker Geotechnical Construction Keller. (2009). Project summary: Soil mixing and vibro replacement liquefaction mitigation and foundation support, Hayward Baker, Inc., Hanover, MD.
Idriss, I. M., and Boulanger, R. W. (2008). Soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 261.
Keller, T. O., Castro, G., and Rogers, J. H. (1987). “Steel creek dam foundation densification.” Soil improvement—A ten year update, ASCE, New York, 136–166.
Kumar, S., and Puri, V. K. (2001). “Soil improvement using heavy tamping—A case history.” ISET J. Earthquake Technol., 38(2–4), 123–133.
Lee, T. S., Dash, U., and Anderson, R. (2005). “Pipe pile stone columns at Webster Street tube, Oakland, California.” Innovations in grouting and soil improvement, R. S. Vernon, A. B. Donald, and J. B. Michael, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–15.
Lyle Simonton, W. (2012). Vibro ground improvement for design-build and other transportation projects.
Mahoney, D. P., and Kupec, J. (2014). “Stone column ground improvement field trial: A Christchurch case study.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Technical Conf., Aotea Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
Marcuson, W. F. (1978). “Definition of terms related to liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 104(9), 1197–1200.
Mitchell, J. K., and Wentz, F. K. (1991). “Performance of improved ground during the Loma Prieta earthquake.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Olgun, C. G., and Martin, J. R. (2008). “Numerical modeling of the seismic response of columnar reinforced ground.” Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics IV, D. Zeng, T. Manzari, and D. R. Hiltunen, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–11.
Priebe, H. J. (1998). “Vibro replacement to prevent earthquake induced liquefaction.” Ground Eng., 31(9), 30–33.
Rayamajhi, D., et al. (2014). “Numerical study of shear stress distribution for discrete columns in liquefiable soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04013034.
Rollins, K., Price, B. E., Dibb, E., and Higbee, J. B. (2006). “Liquefaction mitigation of silty sands in Utah using stone columns with wick drains.” Proc., GeoShanghai Int. Conf. on Geotechnical Special Publication 152, Ground Modification and Seismic Mitigation, A. Porbaha, S.-L. Shen, J. Wartman, and J.-C. Chai, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA.
Rollins, K., Wright, A., Sjoblom, D., White, N., and Lange, C. (2012). “Evaluation of liquefaction mitigation with stone columns in interbedded silts and sands.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, R. Q. Coutinho and P. W. Mayne, eds., Taylor and Francis Group, London.
Rollins, K. M., Quimby, M., Johnson, S. R., and Price, B. (2009). “Effectiveness of stone columns for liquefaction mitigation of silty sands with and without wick drains.” Proc., US-China Workshop on Ground Improvement Technologies, J. Han, G. Zheng, V. R. Schaefer, and M. Huang, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 160–169.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1971). “Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential.” Soil Mech. Found. Div., 97(9), 1249–1273.
Shenthan, T. (2005). “Liquefaction mitigation in silty soils using composite stone column.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Slocombe, B. C., Bell, A. L., and Baez, J. I. (2000). “The densification of granular soil using vibro methods.” Geotechnique, 50(6), 715–725.
Sondermann, W. (1997). “Soil improvement by vibro replacement for rigid pavement construction to the high speed railway system.” Ground improvement geosystmes: Densification and reinforcement, M. C. R. Davies and F. Schlosser, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 181–190.
Thiriot, E. D. (2010). “Liquefaction mitigation in silty sands at Salmon Lake Dam using stone columns and wick drains.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young Univ., Provo, Utah.
Weaver, T., Ashford, S., and Rollins, K. (2004). “Performance and analysis of a laterally loaded pile in stone column improved ground.” 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 24, 2016
Accepted: Apr 26, 2017
Published online: Jul 27, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Dec 27, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.