Geometric Effects on Piles in Consolidating Ground: Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 9
Abstract
Although semi-open H piles have been widely used, geometric effects (GEs) on H-shaped piles in consolidating ground subjected to negative skin friction (NSF) and downdrag are still not well investigated or understood. This paper reports three centrifuge model tests to investigate the responses of one semi-open pile (i.e., H-shaped cross-section) and two solid piles (i.e., circular and rectangular cross-sections) in a consolidating clay stratum. In addition, corresponding three-dimensional (3D) numerical back-analyses considering the elastoplastic slip at the pile–soil interface were carried out and discussed. It is found that the normalized downdrag of the H pile is the largest because the dragload distributed on the end bearing area is the largest among the three piles. The neutral planes of the circular, rectangular, and H piles are located at the normalized depths of , 0.82, and 0.75, respectively. This is because the H pile is subjected to “hang-up” effects due to vertical shearing inside the flanges and web, resulting in a shallower depth of the neutral plane and hence the smallest dragload. Even the average NSF of the H pile is smaller than those of the solid circular and rectangular piles; the largest downdrag induced by consolidating soil should be addressed carefully in the design.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 51408607, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation No. 2016T90464, and Basic Research Program of China No. 2013CB036005.
References
ABAQUS Version 6.10 [Computer software]. SIMULIA, Providence, RI.
Bolton, M. D. (1986). “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique, 36(1), 65–78.
Budhu, M. (2007). Soil mechanics and foundations, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Cai, Z. Y. (2001). “A comprehensive study of state-dependent dilatancy and its application in shear band formation analysis.” Ph.D. thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Chan, R. P., Zhou, W. H., and Chen, Y. M. (2009). “Influences of soil consolidation and pile load on the development of negative skin friction of a pile.” Comput. Geotech., 36, 1265–1271.
Chan, S. H. (2006). “Negative skin friction on piles in consolidating ground.” M.Phil. thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Fellenius, B. H. (1999). “Pile terminology.” ⟨http://www.geoforum.com/info/pileinfo/terminology. asp⟩ (Jan. 13, 2012).
Garnier, J., et al. (2007). “Catalogue of scaling laws and similitude questions in geotechnical centrifuge modeling.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech., 3, 1–23.
Hosoi, T., Yagi, N., and Enoki, M. (1994). “Consideration to the skin friction of diaphragm wall foundation.” 3rd Int. Conf. on Deep Foundation Practice Incorporating Pile Talk, Singapore, 133–140.
Ilamparuthi, K., and Dickin, E. A. (2001). “The influence of soil reinforcement on the uplift behaviour of belled piles embedded in sand.” Geotext. Geomembr., 19, 1–22.
Ishibashi, I., and Zhang, X. (1993). “Unified dynamic shear moduli and damping ratios of sand and clay.” Soils Found., 33(1), 182–191.
Lam, S. Y., Ng, C. W. W., Leung, C. F., and Chan, S. H. (2009). “Centrifuge and numerical modeling of axial load effects on piles in consolidating ground.” Can. Geotech. J., 46, 10–24.
Lam, S. Y., Ng, C. W. W., Leung, C. F., and Chan, S. H. (2013). “Shielding piles from downdrag in consolidating ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 956–968.
Lee, C. J., Bolton, M. D., and Al-Tabbaa, A. (2002). “Numerical modelling of group effects on the distribution of dragloads in pile foundations.” Géotechnique, 52(5), 325–335.
Lee, C. J., and Chen, C. Z. (2002). “Negative skin friction on ground piles.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Physical Modeling in Geotechnical, St. John’s, NF, Canada, 679–684.
Lee, J., Salgado, R., and Paik, K. (2003). “Estimation of load capacity of pipe piles in sand based on cone penetration test results.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 391–403.
Leung, C. F., Liao, B. K., Chow, Y. K., Shen, R. F., and Kog, Y. C. (2004). “Behavior of pile subject to negative skin friction and axial load.” Soils Found., 44(6), 17–26.
Lv, Y., Liu, H., Ding, X., and Kong, G. (2012). “Field tests on bearing characteristics of X-section pile composite foundation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facilits, 180–189.
Lv, Y., Liu, H., Ng, C. W. W., Ding, X., and Gunawan, A. (2014). “Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the stress transfer mechanism of XCC piled raft foundations.” Comput. Geotech., 55, 365–377.
Madabhushi, S. P. G., Peiris, L. M. N., and Schofield, A. N. (1996). “Seismic modelling of embankments on saturated soil deposits.” Trans. Built Env., 20(1), 69–78.
Mair, R. J. (1993). “Unwin memorial lecture 1992: Developments in geotechnical engineering research: Application to tunnels and deep excavations.” Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs. Civ. Engng., 93(1), 27–41.
Mesri, G. (1989). “A reevaluation of using laboratory shear tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 26(1), 162–164.
Naggar, EI. M. H., and Wei, J. W. (2000). “Uplift behaviour of tapered piles established from model tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 37, 56–74.
Ng, C. W. W., Poulos, H. G., Chan, V. S. H., Lam, S. S. Y., and Chan, G. C. Y. (2008). “Effects of tip location and shielding on piles in consolidating ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1245–1260.
Ng, C. W. W., Rigby, D. B., Ng, S. W. L., and Lei, G. H. (2000). “Field studies of wall-instrumented barrette in Hong Kong.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 60–73.
Randolph, M. F., and Wroth, C. P. (1981). “Application of the failure state in undrained simple shear to the shaft capacity of driven piles.” Géotechnique, 31(1), 143–157.
Roscoe, K. H., and Burland, J. B. (1968). On the generalized stress-strain behaviour wet clay, Cambridge University Press, London, 535–609.
Salgado, R. (2008). The engineering of foundations, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Seo, H., Yildirim, I. Z., and Prezzi, M. (2009). “Assessment of the axial load response of an H pile driven in multilayered soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1789–1804.
Shen, R. F., Leung, C. F., and Chow, Y. K. (2006). “Negative skin friction on end-bearing piles.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling and Geotechnics, Taylor & Francis, London, 875–880.
Singh, D. N., and Gupta, A. K. (2000). “Modelling hydraulic conductivity in a small centrifuge.” Can. Geotech. J., 37(5), 1150–1155.
So, A. K. O., and Ng, C. W. W. (2009). “Performance of long-driven H-piles in granitic saprolite.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 246–258.
Stewart, D. P., and Randolpy, M. F. (1994). “T-bar penetrometer testing in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Eng., 2230–2235.
Taylor, D. W. (1942). “Research on consolidation of clays.”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Thasnanipan, N., Anwar, M. A., Maung, A. W., and Tanseng, P. (1999). “Performance comparison of bored and excavation piles in the layered soils of Bangkok.” Symp. on Innovative Solutions in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
Thomas, J., Fahey, M., and Jewell, R. J. (1998). “Pile down-drag due to surface loading.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Centrifuge 98, CRC Press/A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 507–512.
White, D. J. (2002). “An investigation into the behaviour of pressed-in piles.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
Wong, M. H. (2004). “Investigation of capacity, interactions and failure criteria of jacked pile groups in sand by centrifuge modelling.” M.S. thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Yang, J., Tham, L. G., Lee, P. K. K., and Yu, F. (2006). “Observed performance of long steel H-piles jacked into sandy soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 24–35.
Zhang, L. M., Ng, C. W. W., Chan, F., and Pang, H. W. (2006). “Termination criteria for jacked pile construction and load transfer in weathered soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 819–829.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 9 • September 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 29, 2015
Accepted: Jan 24, 2017
Published online: Apr 19, 2017
Published in print: Sep 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Sep 19, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.