Generalized Approach for Prediction of Jet Grout Column Diameter
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper presents a generalized approach for predicting the diameter of jet grout columns based on the theoretical framework of turbulent kinematic flow and soil erosion. The proposed calculation method is applicable to all conventional jet-grouting systems and takes into account the full range of operational parameters, fluid properties, soil strength, and particle size distribution, including the effect of the injection time on erosion distance. It was demonstrated that the increase in the jet grout column diameter arising from the use of a compressed air shroud in the double and triple fluid systems is approximately 27–81% for the typical range of air pressure of 0.5–1.5 MPa. The proposed method was applied to four case histories involving four variants of jet-grouting systems, i.e., single fluid, double fluid, triple fluid, and an enhanced triple fluid system. Comparison between the calculated and the measured jet grout column diameters indicated that the proposed method can produce reasonable predictions for a variety of soil conditions. It was shown that jet grout columns formed by the enhanced triple fluid system are larger than those formed by the conventional triple fluid system by approximately 36% on average. The proposed generalized approach allows all the key variables to be considered and is a useful means for the design of ground improvement by jet grouting.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research work described herein was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 41372283) and the Innovative Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. 13ZZ021). These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.
References
ASTM. (2000). “Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system).” D2487, West Conshohocken, PA.
Burke, G. K. (2004). “Jet grouting systems: Advantages and disadvantages.” GeoSupport 2004: Drilled shafts, micropiling, deep mixing, remedial methods, and specialty foundation systems, Geotechnical special publication 124, J. P. Turnerand P. W. Mayne, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 75–87.
Chai, J. C., Miura, N., and Koga, H. (2005). “Lateral displacement of ground caused by soil-cement column installation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(5), 623–632.
Chen, G. X., Ji, G. J., and Huang, G. X. (2003). “Repeated joint-grouting of roller compacted concrete arc dam.” Proc., 4th Int. Symp. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Dams, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 421–426.
Chen, J. J., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, J. F., Zhu, Y. F., and Wang, J. H. (2013). “Field tests, modification and application of deep soil mixing method in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 139(1), 24–34.
Chupin, O., Saiyouri, N., and Hicher, P. Y. (2003). “Numerical modeling of cement injection in saturated porous media.” Proc., 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conf., ASCE, Reston, VA.
Croce, P., and Flora, A. (1998). “Jet-grouting effects on pyroclastic soils.” Riv. Ital. Geotec., 32(2), 5–14.
Croce, P., and Flora, A. (2000). “Analysis of single fluid jet-grouting.” Geotechnique, 50(1), 739–748.
Dabbagh, A. A., Gonzalez, A. S., and Pena, A. S. (2002). “Soil erosion by a continuous water jet.” Soils Found., 42(5), 1–13.
de Vleeshauwer, P., and Maertens, J. (2000). “Jet grouting: State of the art in Belgium.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement Geosystems, Building Information Limited, Helsinki, Finland, 145–156.
Durgunoglu, H. T., et al. (2003). “A case history of ground treatment with jet grouting against liquefaction for a cigarette factory in Turkey.” Grouting and ground treatment, Geotechnical special publication 120, L. F. Johnsen and D. A. Bruce, and M. J. Byle, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 452–463.
Fang, Y. S., Kao, C. C., Chain, K. F., and Wang, D. R. (2006). “Jet grouting with the superjet-midi method.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 10(2), 69–76.
Farmer, W., and Attewell, P. B. (1964). “Rock penetration by high velocity water jet: A review of the general problem and an experimental study.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2(1), 135–153.
Han, J., Oztoprak, S., Parsons, R. L., and Huang, J. (2007). “Numerical analysis of foundation columns to support widening of embankments.” Comput. Geotech., 34(6), 435–448.
Han, J., Zhou, H. T., and Ye, F. (2002). “State of practice review of deep soil mixing techniques in China.” Transportation Research Record 1808, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 49–57.
Hatanaka, M., and Uchida, A. (1996). “Empirical correlation between penetration resistance and internal friction angle of sandy soils.” Soils Found., 36(4), 1–13.
Ho, C. E. (2007). “Fluid-soil interaction model for jet grouting.” Grouting for ground improvement: Innovative concepts and applications, Geotechnical special publication 168, T. M. Hurleyand L. F. Johnsen, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–10.
Horpibulsuk, S., Phochan, W., Suddeepong, A., Chinkulkijniwat, A., and Liu, M. D. (2012). “Strength development in blended cement admixed saline clay.” Appl. Clay Sci., 55, 44–52.
Long, G. Y. (2003). “Approach to factors determining the diameter of rotating spraying piles.” Geol. Chem. Miner., 25(3), 247–250 (in Chinese).
Lunardi, P. (1997). “Ground improvement by means of jet grouting.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 1(2), 65–85.
Malinin, A., Gladkov, I., and Malinin, D. (2010). “Experimental research of jet grouting parameters in different soil conditions.” Geotechnical Special Publication GeoShanghai 2010: Deep and underground excavations, Geotechnical special publication 206, F. Tonon, X. Liu, and W. Wu, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 49–54.
Mihalis, I. K., Tsiambaos, G., and Anagnostopoulos, A. (2004). “Jet grouting applications in soft rocks: The Athens Metro case.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng., 157(4), 219–228.
Modoni, G., Croce, P., and Mongiovi, L. (2006). “Theoretical modelling of jet grouting.” Geotechnique, 56(5), 335–347.
Nikbakhtan, B., and Osanloo, M. (2009). “Effect of grout pressure and grout flow on soil physical and mechanical properties in jet grouting operations.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(3), 498–505.
Raffle, J. F., and Greenwood, D. A. (1961). “The relationship between the rheological characteristics of grouts and their capacity to permeate soils.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Dunod, Paris, 789–793.
Rajaratnam, N. (1976). Turbulent jets, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Rosquoet, F., Alexis, A., Khelidj, A., and Phelipot, A. (2003). “Experimental study of cement grout: Rheological behavior and sedimentation.” Cement Concr. Res., 33(5), 713–722.
Shen, S. L., Han, J., and Du, Y. J. (2008). “Deep mixing induced property changes in surrounding sensitive marine clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(6), 845–854.
Shen, S. L., Luo, C. Y., Bai, Y., Kim, Y. H., and Peng, S. J. (2009a). “Instant solidification of soft ground horizontally using jet-grouting.” Contemporary topics in ground modification, problem soils, and geo-support, Geotechnical special publication 187, M. Iskander, D. F. Laefer, and M. H. Hussein, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 257–264.
Shen, S. L., Luo, C. Y., Xiao, X. C., and Wang, J. L. (2009b). “Improvement efficacy of RJP method in Shanghai soft deposit.” Advances in ground improvement: Research to practice in the United States and China, Geotechnical special publication 188, J. Han, G. Zheng, V. R. Schaefer, and M. Huang, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 170–178.
Shen, S. L., Wang, Z. F., Horpibulsuk, S., and Kim, Y. H. (2013a). “Jet-grouting with a newly developed technology: Twin-jet method.” Eng. Geol., 152(1), 87–95.
Shen, S. L., Wang, Z. F., Sun, W. J., Wang, L. B., and Horpibulsuk, S. (2013b). “A field trial of horizontal jet grouting with composite-pipe method in soft deposit of Shanghai.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol., 35, 142–151.
Shen, S. L., and Xu, Y. S. (2011). “Numerical evaluation of land subsidence induced by groundwater pumping in Shanghai.” Can. Geotech. J., 48(9), 1378–1392.
Shibazaki, M. (2003). “State of practice of jet grouting.” Grouting and ground treatment, ASCE, Reston, VA, 198–217.
Stroud, M. (1974). “The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rocks.” European Symp. on Penetration Testing, Swedish Geotechnical Society, Stockholm, Sweden.
Tan, Y., and Wei, B. (2012). “Observed behavior of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover technique in Shanghai soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(1), 69–88.
Tsujita, M. (1996). “Recent soil improvement technique: RJP method and recent construction cases.” Found. Eng. Equip., 24(7), 73–77 (in Japanese).
Wang, Z. F., Shen, S. L., Ho, C. E., and Kim, Y. H. (2013). “Investigation of field installation effects of horizontal twin-jet grouting in Shanghai soft soil deposits.” Can. Geotech. J., 50(3), 288–297
Wang, Z. F., Shen, S. L., and Yang, J. (2012). “Estimation of the diameter of jet-grouted column based on turbulent kinematic flow theory.” Grouting and deep mixing 2012, Geotechnical special publication 228, L. F. Johnsen, D. A. Bruce, and M. J. Byle, eds., Vol. 2, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2044–2051.
Xu, Y. S., Shen, S. L., and Du, Y. J. (2009). “Geological and hydrogeological environment in Shanghai with geohazards to construction and maintenance of infrastructures.” Eng. Geol., 109(3–4), 241–254.
Yin, J. H., and Fang, Z. (2006). “Physical modelling of consolidation behaviour of a composite foundation consisting of a cement-mixed soil column and untreated soft marine clay.” Geotechnique, 56(1), 63–68.
Yoshida, H., Asano, R., Kubo, H., Jinbo, S., and Uesawa, S. (1991). “Effect of nozzle traverse rate and number of passes on cutting soil utilizing water jet for wider application.” Proc., 6th American Water Jet Conf., Houston, 381–392.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 12 • December 2013
Pages: 2060 - 2069
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 15, 2012
Accepted: Mar 20, 2013
Published online: Mar 22, 2013
Published in print: Dec 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.