Seismic Performance of Earth Embankment Using Simple and Advanced Numerical Approaches
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 7
Abstract
To fully implement seismic performance-based design for geotechnical structures, it is necessary to be able to correctly identify relevant earthquake records for the site in question in conjunction with advanced constitutive models that can accurately predict soil deformation resulting from these dynamic actions. In this paper, a numerical study is conducted to assess the seismic response of an earth dam using different approaches ranging from simple regression models to advanced numerical analyses. A kinematic hardening constitutive model is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the involved clayey soils. Five ground motions are chosen based on an existing hazard assessment to determine the relevant peak ground acceleration and frequency content at the dam site. Two design levels are considered in the evaluation of the seismic response of the earth dam. A comparison in terms of permanent accumulated displacements during the shaking obtained by the different approaches is presented highlighting their limitations and advantages.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ambraseys, N. A., and Menu, J. M. (1988). “Earthquake-induced ground displacements.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 16(7), 985–1006.
Amorosi, A., Elia, G., Chan, A. C. H., and Kavvadas, M. (2008). “Fully coupled dynamic analysis of a real earth dam overlaying a stiff natural clayey deposit using an advanced constitutive model.” Proc., 12th Int. Conf. of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), X-CD Technologies, San Francisco, 2750–2757.
Arias, A. (1970). “A measure of earthquake intensity.” Seismic design for nuclear power plants, R. J. Hansen, ed., Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, MA, 438–483.
Asaoka, A., Nakano, M., and Noda, T. (2000). “Superloading yield suface concept for highly structured soil behavior.” Soils Found., 40(2), 99–110.
Aydingun, O., and Adalier, K. (2003). “Numerical analysis of seismically induced liquefaction in earth embankment foundations. Part I. Benchmark model.” Can. Geotech. J., 40(4), 753–765.
Bard, P. Y. (1982). “Diffracted waves and displacement field over two-dimensional elevated topographies.” Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 71(3), 731–760.
Bardet, J. P. (1986). “Bounding surface plasticity model for sands.” J. Eng. Mech., 112(11), 1198–1217.
Baudet, B. A., and Stallebrass, S. E. (2004). “A constitutive model for structured clays.” Geotechnique, 54(4), 269–278.
Biot, M. A. (1941). “General theory of three-dimensional consolidation.” J. Appl. Phys., 12(2), 155–164.
Bray, J. D., and Travasarou, T. (2007). “Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements.” J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engng., 133(4), 381–392.
Burland, J. B. (1990). “On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays.” Geotechnique, 40(3), 329–378.
Calabresi, G., Rampello, S., Sciotti, A., and Amorosi, A. (2000). “Diga sulla Marana Capacciotti: Verifiche delle condizioni di stabilità e analisi del comportamento in condizioni sismiche.” Research Rep., Univ. di Roma, Rome.
Cascone, E., and Rampello, S. (2003). “Decoupled seismic analysis of an earth dam.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 23(5), 349–365.
Chakrabarti, P., and Chopra, A. K. (1972). “Hydrodynamic pressures and response of gravity dams to vertical earthquake component.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 1(4), 325–335.
Chan, A. H. C. (1995). User manual for DIANA-SWANDYNE II, Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.
Clough, R. W., and Penzien, J. (1993). Dynamics of structures, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York.
C.S. LL. PP. (2007). “Linee guida per la valutazione della sicurezza sismica delle dighe in esercizio.” Adunanza del 16.XI.2007.
C.S. LL. PP. (2008). “Proposta di aggiornamento delle Norme tecniche per la progettazione e la costruzione degli sbarramenti di ritenuta.” Adunanza del 27.VI.2008.
Dafalias, Y. F., and Popov, E. P. (1975). “A model of nonlinearly hardening materials for complex loading.” Acta Mech., 21(3), 173–192.
Elgamal, A.-W., Parra, E., Yang, Z., and Adalier, K. (2002). “Numerical analysis of embankment foundation liquefaction countermeasures.” J. Earthquake Eng., 6(4), 447–471.
Elia, G., Amorosi, A., Chan, A. H. C., and Kavvadas, M. (2011). “Fully coupled dynamic analysis of an earth dam.” Geotechnique, 61(7), 549–563.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2004a). “Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 8, EN 1998-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2004b). “Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects.” Eurocode 8, EN 1998-5, Brussels, Belgium.
Finn, W. D. L. (2000). “State-of-the-art of geotechnical earthquake engineering practice.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 20(1–4), 1–15.
Geli, L., Bard, P. Y., and Jullien, B. (1988). “The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78(1), 42–63.
Gens, A., and Nova, R. (1993). “Conceptual bases for a constitutive model for bonded soils and weak rocks.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Hard Soils-Soft Rocks, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 485–494.
Gruppo di Lavoro, M. P. S. (2004). Redazione della mappa di pericolosità sismica prevista dall'Ordinanza PCM 3274 del 20 marzo 2003—Rapporto conclusivo per il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Milan, Italy.
Hall, J. F., and Chopra, A. K. (1982). “Two-dimensional dynamic analysis of concrete gravity and embankment dams including hydrodynamic effects.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam., 10(2), 305–332.
Idriss, I. M., Lysmer, J., Hwang, R., and Seed, H. B. (1973). “QUAD-4: A computer program for evaluating the seismic response of soil structures by variable damping finite element procedures.” Rep. No. EERC 73-16, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Idriss, I. M. and Sun, J. I. (1992). SHAKE91: A computer program for conducting equivalent linear seismic response analyses of horizontally layered soils deposits, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Jibson, R. W. (2007). “Regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement.” Eng. Geol., 91(2–4), 209–218.
Jibson, R. W., Harp, E. L., and Michael, J. A. (2000). “A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps.” Eng. Geol., 58(3–4), 271–289.
Jibson, R. W., and Jibson, M. W. (2003). “Java programs for using Newmark’s method and simplified decoupled analysis to model slope performance during earthquakes.” USGS Open-FileRep. 03–005.
Katona, M. G., and Zienkiewicz, O. C. (1985). “A unified set of single step algorithms Part 3: The Beta-m method, a generalisation of the Newmark scheme.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 21(7), 1345–1359.
Kavvadas, M., and Amorosi, A. (2000). “A constitutive model for structured soils.” Geotechnique, 50(3), 263–273.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2002). “A structured Cam Clay model.” Can. Geotech. J., 39(6), 1313–1332.
M. LL. PP. (2008). Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. DM 14 gennaio 2008, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, 29.
Mroz, Z., Norris, V. A., and Zienkiewicz, O. C. (1978). “An anisotropic hardening model for soils and its application to cyclic loading.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 2(3), 203–221.
Mucciarelli, M., and Gallipoli, M. R. (2006). “Comparison between Vs30 and other estimates of site amplification in Italy.” Proc., 1st European Conf. on Earth Engineering and Seismology, Curran Associates, Red Hook, NY.
Muraleetharan, K. K., Deshpande, S., and Adalier, K. (2004). “Dynamic deformations in sand embankments: Centrifuge modelling and blind, fully coupled analyses.” Can. Geotech. J., 41(1), 48–69.
Newmark, N. W. (1965). “Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. The V Rankine Lecture of the British Geotechnical Society.” Geotechnique, 15(2), 139–160.
Pastor, M., Zienkiewicz, O. C., and Chan, A. H. C. (1990). “Generalized plasticity and the modelling of soil behaviour.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 14(3), 151–190.
Prevost, J. H. (1978). “Plasticity theory for soil stress-strain behaviour.” J. Eng. Mech., 104(5), 1177–1194.
Rampello, S., Cascone, E., and Grosso, N. (2009). “Evaluation of the seismic response of a homogeneous earth dam.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 29(5), 782–798.
Rathje, E. M., Abrahamson, N. A., and Bray, J. D. (1998). “Simplified frequency content estimates of earthquake ground motions.” J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engng., 124(2), 150–159.
Rathje, E. M., and Antonakos, G. (2011). “A unified model for predicting earthquake-induced sliding displacements of rigid and flexible slopes.” Eng. Geol., 122(1–2), 51–60.
Rathje, E. M., and Saygili, G. (2011). “Estimating fully probabilistic seismic sliding displacements of slopes from a pseudoprobabilistic approach.” J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engng., 137(3), 208–217.
Roscoe, K. H., and Burland, J. B. (1968). “On the generalized stress-strain behaviour of ‘wet’ clay.” Engineering plasticity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 535–609.
Rouainia, M., and Elia, G. (2011). “FE modelling of the dynamic behaviour of a sugar silo on a structured clayey soil deposit.” Proc., 13th Int. Conf. of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Vol. 2, Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety, Sydney, Australia, 804–809.
Rouainia, M., and Muir Wood, D. (2000). “A kinematic hardening constitutive model for natural clays with loss of structure.” Geotechnique, 50(2), 153–164.
Rouainia, M., and Muir Wood, D. (2001). “Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 25(13), 1305–1325.
Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, J., and Seed, H. B. (1972). “SHAKE: A computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites.” Rep. No. EERC 72-12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Seed, H. B., Murarka, J., Lysmer, J., and Idriss, I. M. (1976). “Relationships between maximum acceleration, maximum velocity, distance from source and local site conditions for moderately strong earthquakes.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 66(4), 1323–1342.
Trifunac, M. D., and Brady, A. G. (1975). “A study of the duration of strong earthquake ground motion.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 65(3), 581–626.
Wartman, J., Bray, J. D., and Seed, R. B. (2003). “Inclined plane studies of the Newmark sliding block procedure.” J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 129(8), 673–684.
Woodward, P. K., and Griffiths, D. V. (1996). “Influence of viscous damping in the dynamic analysis of an earth dam using simple constitutive models.” Comput. Geotech., 19(3), 245–263.
Zhao, J., Sheng, D., Rouainia, M., and Sloan, S. W. (2005). “Explicit stress integration of complex soil models.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 29(12), 1209–1229.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., Chan, A. H. C., Pastor, M., Schrefler, B. A., and Shiomi, T. (1999). Computational geomechanics (with special reference to earthquake engineering), Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 7 • July 2013
Pages: 1115 - 1129
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 26, 2011
Accepted: Sep 17, 2012
Published online: Sep 19, 2012
Published in print: Jul 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.