Influence of Grouting Pressure on the Behavior of an Unsaturated Soil-Cement Interface
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 2
Abstract
The strength of soil-nails depends on the behavior of the soil-cement grout interface at saturated and unsaturated conditions. Nowadays, pressure grouted soil-nails are considered to provide better interface strength than gravity grouted soil-nails. Soil-nail pullout tests have limitations to control some boundary conditions. To overcome these limitations, direct shear tests can be used to determine the actual soil-cement grout interface behavior. In the present study, a series of interface direct shear tests are performed between compacted completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil and cement grout at both saturated and unsaturated conditions under different grouting pressures. The interface shear stress increases with matric suction for different grouting pressures, and a strain softening behavior is observed for different suctions except at saturated conditions. A dilative behavior is obvious for interface as the suction value is increased from a saturated condition. However, the dilation values of soil-cement interface for different grouting pressures are less than that of CDG soil under different suctions. The interface shear strength increases with grouting pressure at saturated conditions, whereas, a downward trend is obvious as the suction value is increased from saturated conditions. The rate of increase of shear strength with matric suction is greater for CDG soil compared to soil-cement interface. Interface shear strengths for different grouting pressures are greater than CDG soil at a lower suction range but become less than CDG soil at a higher suction range.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Financial supports from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and a grant from Research Grants Council (RGC) General Research Fund (GRF) (Grant No.: UNSPECIFIEDPolyU 5338/08E) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government of China are gratefully acknowledged.
References
ASTM. (1992). “Standard test method for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” D2487-90, West Conshohocken, PA.
Au, S. K. A., Soga, K., and Yeung, A. T. (2006a). “A new laboratory apparatus for grout injection studies.” Geotech. Test. J., 29(2), 95–101.
Au, S. K. A., Yeung, A. T., and Soga, K. (2006b). “Pressure-controlled cavity expansion in clay.” Can. Geotech. J., 43(7), 714–725.
Berglund, C., and Oden, K. (1996). “The pullout resistance of different types of nails.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
Bishop, A. W. (1959). “The principle of effective stress.” Tecknisk Ukeblad I Samarbeide Med Teknikk, 106(39), 859–863.
BSI. (1990). “Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.” BS 1377, London.
Burland, J. B., and Ridley, A. K. (1996). “The importance of suction in soil mechanics.” 12th Southeast Asian Geotech. Conf., Vol. 2, 27–49.
Chen, P. Y. M. (1992). “Methods of test for soils in hong kong for civil engineering purposes (Phase 1 Tests).” GEO Rep. No. 36, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong.
Chu, L. M. (2003). “Study on the interface shear strength of soil nailing in completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil.” M.Phil. thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ, Hong Kong.
Chu, L. M., and Yin, J. H. (2005). “Comparison of interface shear strength of soil nails measured by both direct shear box tests and pullout tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(9), 1097–1107.
Chu, L. M., and Yin, J. H. (2006). “Study on soil-cement grout interface shear strength of soil nailing by direct shear box testing method.” Geomech. Geoeng. 1(4), 259–273.
Desai, C. S., Drumm, E. C., and Zaman, M. M. (1985). “Cyclic testing and modeling of interface.” J. Geotech. Eng., 111(6), 793–815.
Franzen, G. (1998). “Soil nailing—A laboratory and field study of pullout capacity.” Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Chalmers, Sweden.
Fredlund, D. G., Morgenstern, N. R., and Widger, R. A. (1978). “The shear strength of unsaturated soils.” Can. Geotech. J., 15(3), 313–321.
Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, Wiley, New York.
Hamid, T. B., and Miller, G. A. (2009). “Shear strength of unsaturated soil interfaces.” Can. Geotech. J., 46(5), 595–606.
Heymann, G. (1993). “Soil nailing systems as lateral support for surface excavations.” M.S. thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hossain, M. A., and Yin, J. H. (2010a). “Behavior of a compacted completely decomposed granite soil from suction controlled direct shear tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(1), 189–198.
Hossain, M. A., and Yin, J. H. (2010b). “Shear strength and dilative characteristics of an unsaturated compacted completely decomposed granite soil.” Can. Geotech. J., 47(10), 1112–1126.
Kulhawy, F. H., and Peterson, M. S. (1979). “Behavior of sand-concrete interfaces.” Proc., Pan-American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, 225–236.
Lee, C. F., Law, K. T., Tham, L. G., Yue, Z. Q., and Junaideen, S. M. (2001). “Design of a large soil box for studying soil-nail interaction in loose fill.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Soft Soil Engineering, A. A. Balkema, Netherlands, 413–418.
Millere, G. A., and Hamid, T. B. (2007). “Interface direct shear testing of unsaturated soil.” Geotech. Test. J., 30(3), 182–191.
Potyondy, J. G. (1961). “Skin friction between various soils and construction materials.” Géotechnique, 11(4), 339–353.
Pun, W. K., and Shiu, Y. K. (2007). “Design practice and technical developments of soil nailing in Hong Kong.” Proc., 27th Annual Seminar: Geotechnical Advancements in Hong Kong since 1970s, HKIE Geotech. Division, Hong Kong, 197–212.
Sharma, J. S., Fleming, I. R., and Jogi, M. B. (2007). “Measurement of unsaturated soil-geomembrane interface shear-strength parameters.” Can. Geotech. J., 44(1), 78–88.
Vanapalli, S. K., Fredlund, D. G., Pufahl, D. E., and Clifton, A. W. (1996). “Model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(3), 379–392.
Yeung, A. T., et al. (2005). “An innovative Korean system of pressure grouted soil nailing as a slope stabilization measure.” Proc., HKIE Geotech. Division, 25th Annual Seminar, HKIE-GDC and HKGES, Hong Kong, 43–49.
Yin, J. H., Su, L. J., Cheung, R. W. M., Shiu, Y. K., and Tang, C. (2009). “The influence of grouting pressure on the pullout resistance of soil nail in compacted completely decomposed granite fill.” Géotechnique, 59(2), 103–113.
Yin, J. H., and Zhou, W. H. (2009). “Influence of grouting pressure and overburden stress on the interface resistance of a soil nail.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(9), 1198–1208.
Zhou, W. H. (2008). “Experimental and theoretical study on pullout resistance of grouted soil nails.” Ph.D. thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., Hong Kong.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 12, 2010
Accepted: Jun 18, 2011
Published online: Jun 21, 2011
Published in print: Feb 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.