Undrained Lateral Pile Response in Sloping Ground
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 11
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element analyses were performed to study the behavior of piles in sloping ground under undrained lateral loading conditions. Piles of different diameter and length in sloping cohesive soils of different undrained shear strength and several ground slopes were considered. Based on the results of the finite element analyses, analytical formulations are derived for the ultimate load per unit length and the initial stiffness of hyperbolic curves. New criteria for static loading of piles in clay are proposed, which take into account the inclination of the slope and the adhesion of the pile-slope interface. These curves are used through a commercial subgrade reaction computer code to parametrically analyze the effect of slope inclination and pile adhesion on lateral displacements and bending moments. To validate the proposed curves, a number of well documented lateral load tests are analyzed. Remarkable agreement is obtained between predicted and measured responses for a wide range of soil undrained shear strength and pile diameter, length, and stiffness.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Petroleum Institute. (1990). “Offshore lateral pile design reliability.” API Rep. No. 87-29, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
American Petroleum Institute. (1993). “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms.” API Rep. No. RP-2A, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Ashford, S. A., and Juirnarongrit, T. (2003). “Evaluation of pile diameter effect on initial modulus of subgrade reaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 129(3), 234–242.
Bhushan, K., Haley, S. C., and Fong, P. T. (1979). “Lateral load tests on drilled piers in stiff clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 105(8), 969–985.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., and Swolfs, W. M. (2007). Plaxis 3D foundation version 2 user’s manual, Plaxis B.V., Netherlands.
Broms, B. B. (1964). “Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive soils.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., 90(2), 27–63.
Brown, D. A., and Shie, C. F. (1991). “Some numerical experiments with a three-dimensional finite element model of a laterally loaded pile.” Comput. Geotech., 12, 149–162.
DIN. (1990). “Bored cast-in-place piles. Formation, design and bearing capacity.” 4014, Deutsche Norm, Berlin.
DnV. (1980). Rules for the design, construction and inspection of offshore structures, Appendix F: Foundations, Det Norske Veritas, Hovik, Norway.
Fan, C. C., and Long, J. H. (2005). “Assessment of existing methods for predicting soil response of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Comput. Geotech., 32, 274–289.
Gabr, M. A., and Borden, R. H. (1990). “Lateral analysis of piers constructed on slopes.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 116(12), 1831–1850.
Gabr, M. A., Lunne, T., and Powell, J. J. (1994). “P-Y analysis of laterally loaded piles in clay using DMT.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 120(5), 816–837.
Georgiadis, M. (1983). “Development of p-y curves for layered soils.” Proc., Geotechnical Practice in Offshore Engineering, ASCE Specialty Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 536–545.
Georgiadis, M., Anagnostopoulos, C., and Saflekou, S. (1991). “Interaction of laterally loaded piles.” Proc., Fondations Profondes, Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, 177–184.
Georgiadis, M., and Butterfield, R. (1982). “Laterally loaded pile behavior.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 108(1), 155–165.
Kim, B. T., Kim, N. K., Lee, W. J., and Kim, Y. S. (2004). “Experimental load-transfer curves of laterally loaded piles in Nak-Dong river sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(4), 416–425.
Kondner, R. L. (1963). “A hyperbolic stress-strain response: Cohesive soils.” Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, 89(1), 115–143.
Kulhawy, F. H. (1991). “Drilled shaft foundations.” Foundation engineering handbook, Chapman and Hill, New York.
Ladd, C. C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H. G. (1977). “Stress deformation and strength characteristics.” Proc., of the 9th Int. Conf., Vol. 2, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, 421–494.
Liang, R., Yang, K., and Nusairat, J. (2009). “P-Y criteria for rock mass.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(1), 26–36.
Martin, C. M., and Randolph, M. F. (2006). “Upper-bound analysis of lateral pile capacity in cohesive soil.” Geotechnique, 56(2), 141–145.
Matlock, H. (1970). “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” Proc., 2nd Offshore Technology Conf., OTC, Houston, 577–594, OTC 1204.
Mezazigh, S., and Levacher, D. (1998). “Laterally loaded piles in sand: Slope effect on p-y reaction curves.” Can. Geotech. J., 35(3), 433–441.
Murff, J. D., and Hamilton, J. M. (1993). “P-ultimate for undrained analysis of laterally loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 119(1), 91–107.
Muthukkumaran, K., Sundaravadivelu, R., and Ganghi, S. R. (2008). “Effects of slope on p-y curves due to surcharge load.” Soils Found., 48(3), 353–361.
Ogata, N., and Gose, S. (1995). “Sloping rock layer foundation of bridge structure.” Proc. Rock Foundation, R. Yoshinaka and R. Kikuchi, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Amsterdam, 285–292.
O’Neil, M. W., and Gazioglu, S. M. (1984). “An evaluation of p-y relationships in clays.” Rep. Prepared for the American Petroleum Institute, Univ. of Houston, Tex.
Pan, J. L., Goh, A. T. C., Wong, K. S., and The, C. I. (2000). “Model tests on single piles in soft clay.” Can. Geotech. J., 37(4), 890–897.
Rajashree, S. S., and Sitharam, T. G. (2001). “Nonlinear finite element modeling of batter piles under lateral load.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(7), 604–612.
Randolph, M. F., and Houlsby, G. T. (1984). “The limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil.” Geotechnique, 34(4), 613–623.
Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1974). “Analyses of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Proc., 6th Offshore Technology Conf., OTC, Houston, 473–485, OTC 2080.
Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1975). “Field testing and analysis of laterally loaded piles in stiff clay.” Proc., 7th Offshore Technology Conf., OTC, Houston, 671–690, OTC 2312.
Reese, L. C., and Wang, S. T. (1993). “COM624P—Laterall loaded pile analysis program for the microcomputer.” FHWA-SA-91-048, Federal Highway Administration, Dept. of Transport, Washington, D.C.
Reese, L. C., Wang, S. T., Isenhower, W. M., and Arrellaga, J. A. (2004). “LPILE Plus—Version 5. A program for the analysis of piles and drilled shafts under lateral loads.” ENSOFT, Austin, Tex.
Reese, L. C., and Welch, R. C. (1975). “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 101(7), 633–649.
Robertson, P. K., Davies, M. P., and Campanella, R. G. (1989). “Design of laterally loaded driven piles using the flat dilatometer.” Geotech. Test. J., 12(1), 30–38.
SAA. (1978). “Rules for the design and installation of piling.” AS 2159-1978, Sydney, Australia.
Stevens, J. B., and Audibert, J. M. E. (1980). “Re-examination of p-y curve formulation.” Proc., 11th Offshore Technology Conf., OTC, Houston, 397–403, OTC 3402.
Stewart, D. P. (1999). “Reduction of undrained lateral pile capacity in clay due to an adjacent slope.” Australian Geomechanics, 34(4), 17–23.
Tomlinson, M. J. (1994). Pile design and construction practice, 4th Ed., E&FN SPON, London.
Vesic, A. S. (1961). “Beam on elastic subgrade and the Winkler hypothesis.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf., Vol. 1, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, 845–850.
Wu, D., Broms, B. B., and Choa, V. (1998). “Design of laterally loaded piles in cohesive soils using p-y curves.” Soils Found., 38(2), 17–26.
Yang, Z., and Jeremic, B. (2002). “Numerical analysis of pile behaviour under lateral loads in layered elastic-plastic soils.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 26, 1385–1406.
Zhang, L. M., McVay, M. C., and Lai, P. W. (1999). “Centrifuge modeling of laterally loaded single battered piles in sands.” Can. Geotech. J., 36(6), 1074–1084.
Zhang, L. M., Ng, C. W. W., and Lee, C. J. (2004). “Effects of slope and sleeving on the behavior of laterally loaded piles.” Soils Found., 44(4), 99–108.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 136 • Issue 11 • November 2010
Pages: 1489 - 1500
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 21, 2009
Accepted: Apr 21, 2010
Published online: Apr 27, 2010
Published in print: Nov 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.