Behavior of Saturated Remolded Loess Subjected to Coupled Change of the Magnitude and Direction of Principal Stress
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 1
Abstract
Undrained torsional shear tests were carried out on remolded loess specimens using a hollow cylinder apparatus to investigate the deformation behavior and noncoaxiality (where the direction of the plastic strain increment is not coaxial with the direction of the principal stress) of remodeled loess when the magnitude and direction of the principal stress change simultaneously. It can be found that the deformation behavior of tested samples is significantly influenced by the intermediate principal stress coefficient and the rotation range of the principal stress. The influences of elastic strain, rotation range of principal stress, intermediate principal stress coefficient, and cycle period on the noncoaxiality were also studied. Analysis of the test results demonstrate obvious noncoaxiality of the remolded loess. The noncoaxiality shows segmentation characteristics. The noncoaxiality will be overestimated if the elastic strain is considered and is negative when the principal stress rotates in the reverse direction. Reversal of the principal stress leads to abrupt changes in noncoaxiality. However, the noncoaxiality is similar in the process of forward rotation and reverse rotation of the principal stress. With the same cycle period, the noncoaxiality angle decreases with an increase in intermediate principal stress coefficient, but the effect of intermediate principal stress coefficient decreases with an increase in the cycle period. Increases in the cycle period increase the noncoaxiality of the remolded loess, while the influence of the rotation range of the principal stress on the noncoaxiality is not significant.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number U1934213), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Grant Number 2019JM-216), a fellowship from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (number 2020M673320), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (Grant Number 300102210308).
References
Blanc, M., H. Di Benedetto, and S. Tiouajni. 2011. “Deformation characteristics of dry Hostun sand with principal stress axes rotation.” Soils Found. 51 (4): 749–760. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.749.
Cai, Y., H. S. Yu, D. Wanatowski, and X. Li. 2013. “Noncoaxial behavior of sand under various stress paths.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000854.
Cheng, D. W., Y. S. Luo, L. G. Yang, and X. Chen. 2018. “Effect of complex initial stress conditions on dynamic deformation behaviors of compacted loess.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 90: 67–73.
Feda, J., J. Boháč, and I. Herle. 1993. “Compression of collapsed loess: Studies on bonded and unbonded soils.” Eng. Geol. 34 (1–2): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90045-E.
Feda, J., J. Boháč, and I. Herle. 1995. “K0-compression of reconstituted loess and sand with stress perturbations.” Soils Found. 35 (3): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.35.97.
Gao, G. R. 1996. “The distribution and geotechnical properties of loess soils, lateritic soils and clayey soils in China.” Eng. Geol. 42 (1): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00056-9.
Gutierrez, M., K. Ishihara, and I. Towhata. 1991. “Flow theory for sand during rotation of principal stress direction.” Soils Found. 31 (4): 121–132. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.4_121.
Hight, D. W., A. Gens, and M. J. Symes. 1983. “The development of a new hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal stress rotation in soils.” Géotechnique 33 (4): 355–383. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1983.33.4.355.
Ishihara, K., and I. Towhata. 1983. “Sand response to cyclic rotation of principal stress directions as induced by wave loads.” Soils Found. 23 (4): 11–26. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.23.4_11.
Jiang, M. J., F. G. Zhang, H. J. Hu, Y. Cui, and J. B. Peng. 2014. “Structural characterization of natural loess and remolded loess under triaxial tests.” Eng. Geol. 181: 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.021.
Kirkgard, M. M., and P. V. Lade. 1993. “Anisotropic three-dimensional behavior of a normally consolidated clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 30 (5): 848–858. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-075.
Kumruzzaman, M., and J. H. Yin. 2010. “Influence of principal stress direction on the stress-strain-strength behaviour of completely decomposed granite.” Facta Univ. Series: Archit. Civ. Eng. 8 (1): 79–97. https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE1001079K.
Kumruzzaman, M., and J. H. Yin. 2012. “Influence of the intermediate principal stress on the stress-strain-strength behaviour of a completely decomposed granite soil.” Géotechnique 62 (3): 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.025.
Lade, P. V., and M. M. Kirkgard. 2000. “Effects of stress rotation and changes of b-values on cross-anisotropic behavior of natural, K0-consolidated soft clay.” Soils Found. 40 (6): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.6_93.
Liang, Q. G., X. Y. Wu, C. Q. Li, and L. L. Wang. 2014. “Mechanical analysis using the unconfined penetration test on the tensile strength of Q3 loess around Lanzhou City, China.” Eng. Geol. 183: 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.016.
Lin, Q. H., J. J. Yan, M. Dong, and J. F. Zhu. 2016. “Influence of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress parameter on the small strain stiffness of reconstituted loess.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 39 (4): 1369–1376.
Luo, A. Z., S. J. Shao, J. Fang, and P. Li. 2011. “Research on shear yield and strength failure surfaces of remold loess by true tri-axial tests.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering, 5351–5355. Lushan, China: IEEE.
MoC (Ministry of Construction). 1999. Specification of soil test. [In Chinese.] SL/T 237-1999. Beijing: China Water & Power Press.
Miura, K., S. Miura, and S. Toki. 1986. “Deformation behavior of anisotropic dense sand under principal stress axes rotation.” Soils Found. 26 (1): 36–52. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.26.36.
Pradel, D., K. Ishihara, and M. Gutierrez. 1990. “Yielding and flow of sand under principal stress axes rotation.” Soils Found. 30 (1): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.87.
Qian, J. G., Z. B. Du, and Z. Y. Yin. 2018. “Cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality of soft clay subjected to pure rotation of principal stress directions.” Acta Geotech. 13 (4): 943–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0567-8.
Shao, S., S. Shao, and P. Xu. 2019. “Anisotropic strength characteristics of loess under three-dimensional stress conditions.” J. Test. Eval. 47 (4): 2435–2450.
Shao, S., Q. Wang, and A. Luo. 2016. “True triaxial apparatus with rigid-flexible-flexible boundary and remolded loess testing.” J. Test. Eval. 45 (3): 808–817.
Shen, Y., J. Zhou, and X. N. Gong. 2007. “Possible stress path of HCA for cyclic principal stress rotation under constant confining pressures.” Int. J. Geomech. 7 (6): 423–430. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2007)7:6(423).
Shen, Y., J. Zhou, X. N. Gong, and H. L. Liu. 2008. “Intact soft clay’s critical response to dynamic stress paths on different combinations of principal stress orientation.” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 15 (2): 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0450-8.
Sun, P., J. B. Peng, L. W. Chen, Q. Z. Lu, and O. Igwe. 2016. “An experimental study of the mechanical characteristics of fractured loess in western China.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 75 (4): 1639–1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0793-y.
Symes, M. J., A. Gens, and D. W. Hight. 1984. “Undrained anisotropy and principal stress rotation in saturated sand.” Géotechnique 34 (1): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1984.34.1.11.
Symes, M. J., A. Gens, and D. W. Hight. 1988. “Drained principal stress rotation in saturated sand.” Géotechnique 38 (1): 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.1.59.
Tian, K. L., H. L. Zhang, and B. P. Zhang. 2004. “An experimental study on dynamic properties of unsaturated loess under dynamic torsional shear.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 23 (24): 4151–4155.
Tong, Z. X., J. M. Zhang, Y. L. Yu, and G. Zhang. 2010. “Drained deformation behavior of anisotropic sands during cyclic rotation of principal stress axes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (11): 1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000378.
Wang, Y. K., Y. F. Gao, L. Guo, Y. Q. Cai, B. Li, Y. Qiu, and A. H. Mahfouz. 2017. “Cyclic response of natural soft marine clay under principal stress rotation as induced by wave loads.” Ocean Eng. 129: 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.031.
Wang, Y. K., Y. F. Gao, L. Guo, and Z. X. Yang. 2018. “Influence of intermediate principal stress and principal stress direction on drained behavior of natural soft clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (1): 04017128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001042.
Weng, X. L., Y. H. Zhao, Y. W. Zhang, H. Li, and B. J. Liu. 2018. “Experimental study on deformation characteristics of loess under condition of principal stress axes rotation.” [In Chinese.] China J. Highway Transp. 31: 9–16.
Xiao, J. H., C. H. Juang, K. Wei, and S. Q. Xu. 2014. “Effects of principal stress rotation on the cumulative deformation of normally consolidated soft clay under subway traffic loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (4): 04013046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001069.
Xing, X. L., T. L. Li, and Y. K. Fu. 2016. “Determination of the related strength parameters of unsaturated loess with conventional triaxial test.” Environ. Earth Sci. 75 (1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4797-5.
Xu, L., M. R. Coop, M. S. Zhang, and L. G. Wang. 2018. “The mechanics of a saturated silty loess and implications for landslides.” Eng. Geol. 236: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.021.
Yan, J. J., J. Zhou, X. N. Gong, and Y. Cao. 2015. “Undrained response of reconstituted clay to cyclic pure principal stress rotation.” J. Central South Univ. 22 (1): 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2519-5.
Yang, Y., and H. S. Yu. 2006. “Application of a non-coaxial soil model in shallow foundations.” Geomech. Geoeng. 1 (2): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020600777101.
Yang, Y. H., J. Zhou, and H. X. Zhou. 2015. “Non-coaxial behaviour of soft clay subjected to principal stress rotation.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 34 (6): 1259–1266.
Yang, Z. X., X. S. Li, and J. Yang. 2007. “Undrained anisotropy and rotational shear in granular soil.” Géotechnique 57 (4): 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.4.371.
Zamanian, M., and F. Jafarzadeh. 2020. “Experimental study of stress anisotropy and noncoaxiality of dense sand subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading.” Transp. Geotech. 23: 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100331.
Zhang, W. Y., W. Chen, J. Han, L. J. Chang, Y. X. Ma, and W. J. Wu. 2016. “An experimental study on the strength behavior of compacted loess under the principal stress axis rotation.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Transportation Infrastructure and Materials. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications Inc.
Zhou, J., J. J. Yan, C. J. Xu, and X. N. Gong. 2013. “Influence of intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of intact clay under pure principal stress rotation.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2013: 950143.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 27, 2021
Accepted: Jul 27, 2022
Published online: Oct 21, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 21, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Continuum mechanics
- Coupling
- Deformation (mechanics)
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Elastic analysis
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Laboratory tests
- Loess
- Material mechanics
- Materials engineering
- Motion (dynamics)
- River engineering
- Rotation
- Sediment
- Shear stress
- Shear tests
- Solid mechanics
- Strain
- Stress (by type)
- Structural analysis
- Structural engineering
- Structural mechanics
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Chi Liu, Yuhang Liu, Yuhua Chen, Chujun Zhao, Junling Qiu, Dingyi Wu, Tong Liu, Haobo Fan, Yiwen Qin, Kunjie Tang, A State-of-the-Practice Review of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology for Tunnel Distress Monitoring, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4205, 37, 2, (2023).
- Yiwen Qin, Jinxing Lai, Chong Li, Feifei Fan, Tong Liu, Negative pressure testing standard for welded scar airtightness of waterproofing sheet for tunnels: Experimental and numerical investigation, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104930, 133, (104930), (2023).
- Hao Sun, Yuhang Liu, Tengfei Jiang, Tong Liu, Dedi Liu, Application of dust control method based on water medium humidification in tunnel drilling and blasting construction environment, Building and Environment, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110111, 234, (110111), (2023).