Method of Rigorous Characteristics for Seismic Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings Placed Adjacent to Homogeneous Soil Slopes
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22, Issue 10
Abstract
Most studies try to establish a stress field and a compatible velocity field simultaneously to evaluate the seismic bearing capacity of strip footings placed adjacent to homogeneous soil slopes. However, the coupling of stress and velocity fields has not been addressed yet. In this study, the method of rigorous characteristics and the pseudo-dynamic approach are incorporated to resolve the issue. The failure mechanism is represented by the statically and kinematically admissible slip line field, and then the rigorous solution of the seismic bearing capacity can be achieved automatically without assuming any predefined slip surface. The results indicate that the seismic excitation leads to a remarkable decrease in the bearing capacity, especially for the effects of the initial phase difference and the soil amplification factor. Besides, the variation of the seismic failure mode is notably different from that under the static state. The seismic inertial force increases the possibility of the sliding failure, and consequently, the restraint effect of strip footings on the seismic failure mechanism diminishes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51979128 and 51890911), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC0312304), and the Hainan Research Institute of China Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy (Grant No. 21-HN-ZD-02-5).
References
Ahmad, S. M., and D. Choudhury. 2008. “Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic design for waterfront reinforced soil-wall.” Geotext. Geomembr. 26 (4): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.12.004.
Bellezza, I. 2014. “A new pseudo-dynamic approach for seismic active soil thrust.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 32 (2): 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9734-y.
Bellezza, I. 2015. “Seismic active earth pressure on walls using a new pseudo-dynamic approach.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 33 (4): 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9860-1.
Casablanca, O., G. Biond, E. Cascone, and G. D. Filippo. 2021. “Static and seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations on slopes.” Géotechnique https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.044.
Chen, W. F. 1975. Limit analysis and soil plasticity. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Choudhury, D., and S. S. Nimbalkar. 2006. “Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic active earth pressure behind retaining wall.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 24 (5): 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-1134-x.
Choudhury, D., and A. D. Katdare. 2013. “New approach to determine seismic passive resistance on retaining walls considering seismic waves.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (6): 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000285.
Choudhury, D., A. D. Katdare, and A. Pain. 2014. “New method to compute seismic active earth pressure on retaining wall considering seismic waves.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 32: 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9721-8.
Choudhury, D., and K. S. Subba Rao. 2006. “Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings embedded in slope.” Int. J. Geomech. 6 (3): 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:3(176).
Cinicioglu, O., and A. Erkli. 2018. “Seismic bearing capacity of surficial foundations on sloping cohesive ground.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 111: 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.027.
Das, B. M. 1993. Principles of soil dynamics. Boston: PWS–KENT Publishing.
Fatahi, B., B. Huang, N. Yeganeh, S. Terzaghi, and S. Banerjee. 2020. “Three-dimensional simulation of seismic slope-foundation-structure interaction for buildings near shallow slopes.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (1): 04019140. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001529.
Ganesh, R., and J. P. Sahoo. 2020. “Coupled bearing capacity factor for strip foundations on cohesive-frictional soil slopes under static and seismic conditions.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (11): 04020202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001851.
GB (Guobiao Standards). 2013. Technical code for building slope engineering. [In Chinese.] GB 50330. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Georgiadis, K. 2010a. “An upper-bound solution for the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings at the top of a slope.” Géotechnique 60 (10): 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.09.T.016.
Georgiadis, K. 2010b. “The influence of load inclination on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (3): 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.11.004.
Ghosh, P. 2008. “Upper bound solutions of bearing capacity of strip footing by pseudo-dynamic approach.” Acta Geotech. 3: 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-008-0058-z.
Ghosh, S. 2010. “Pseudo-dynamic active force and pressure behind battered retaining wall supporting inclined backfill.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (11): 1226–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.05.003.
Griffiths, D. V., and P. A. Lane. 1999. “Slope stability analysis by finite elements.” Géotechnique 49 (3): 387–403. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387.
Huang, C.-C., and W.-W. Kang. 2008. “Seismic bearing capacity of a rigid footing adjacent to a cohesionless slope.” Soils Found. 48 (5): 641–651. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.48.641.
Kalourazi, A. F., A. Izadi, and R. J. Chenari. 2019. “Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations in the vicinity of slopes using the lower bound finite element method.” Soils Found. 59 (6): 1891–1905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.08.014.
Kumar, J. 2004. “Effect of footing—Soil interface friction on bearing capacity factor Nγ.” Géotechnique 54 (10): 677–680. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.10.677.
Kumar, J., and P. Ghosh. 2006. “Seismic bearing capacity for embedded footings on sloping ground.” Géotechnique 56 (2): 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.2.133.
Kumar, J., and M. K. Kouzer. 2007. “Effect of footing roughness on bearing capacity factor Nγ.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (5): 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:5(502).
Kumar, J., and M. Rao. 2003. “Seismic bearing capacity of foundations on slopes.” Géotechnique 8 (4): 374–361.
Leshchinsky, B. 2015. “Bearing capacity of footings placed adjacent to c′–φ′ slopes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (6): 04015022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001306.
Li, C., Y. Guan, P. Jiang, and X. Han. 2021. “Oblique bearing capacity of shallow foundations placed near slopes determined by the method of rigorous characteristics.” Géotechnique. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.355.
Li, C., and P. Jiang. 2019. “Ultimate load of nonhomogeneous slopes determined by using the method of characteristics.” Eng. Geol. 261: 105281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105281.
Li, C., P. Jiang, and A. Zhou. 2019. “Rigorous solution of slope stability under seismic action.” Comput. Geotech. 109: 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.01.018.
Li, C., P. Jiang, and A. Zhou. 2020a. “Non-associated plasticity analysis of slope stability under steady unsaturated flow conditions.” Comput. Geotech. 128: 103786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103786.
Li, C., A. Zhou, and P. Jiang. 2020b. “Eccentric bearing capacity of embedded strip footings placed on slopes.” Comput. Geotech. 119: 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103352.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1957. “The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on slopes.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 384–386. London: Butterworths.
Nandi, S., G. Santhoshkumar, and P. Ghosh. 2021. “Determination of critical slope face in c–φ soil under seismic condition using method of stress characteristics.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (4): 04021031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001976.
Nimbalkar, S. S., D. Choudhury, and J. N. Mandal. 2006. “Seismic stability of reinforced-soil wall by pseudo-dynamic method.” Geosynth. Int. 13 (3): 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2006.13.3.111.
Pain, A., D. Choudhury, and S. K. Bhattacharyya. 2017. “Seismic rotational stability of gravity retaining walls by modified pseudo-dynamic method.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 94: 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.016.
Qin, C.-B., and S. C. Chian. 2018. “Kinematic analysis of seismic slope stability with a discretisation technique and pseudo-dynamic approach: A new perspective.” Géotechnique 68 (6): 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.200.
Qin, C., and S. C. Chian. 2019a. “Impact of earthquake characteristics on seismic slope stability using modified pseudodynamic method.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (9): 04019106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001489.
Qin, C., and S. C. Chian. 2019b. “Pseudo-static/dynamic solutions of required reinforcement force for steep slopes using discretization-based kinematic analysis.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 11 (2): 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.10.002.
Qin, C., and S. C. Chian. 2020. “Discretization-based kinematic analysis method to seismic stability of geosynthetic-reinforced slopes involving differing earthquake approaches.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (7): 06020010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001660.
Santhoshkumar, G., and P. Ghosh. 2021. “Closed-form solution for seismic earth pressure on bilinear retaining wall using method of characteristics.” J. Earthquake Eng. 25 (6): 1171–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1570880.
Shiau, J. S., R. S. Merifield, A. V. Lyamin, and S. W. Sloan. 2011. “Undrained stability of footings on slopes.” Int. J. Geomech. 11 (5): 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000092.
Sloan, S. W. 2013. “Geotechnical stability analysis.” Géotechnique 63 (7): 531–571. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.RL.001.
Sokolovskii, V. V. 1965. Statics of granular media. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Wu, G., H. Zhao, M. Zhao, and Y. Xiao. 2020. “Undrained seismic bearing capacity of strip footings lying on two-layered slopes.” Comput. Geotech. 122: 103539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103539.
Yang, S., B. Leshchinsky, K. Cui, F. Zhang, and Y. Gao. 2019. “Unified approach toward evaluating bearing capacity of shallow foundations near slopes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (12): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002178.
Yang, S., B. Leshchinsky, K. Cui, F. Zhang, and Y. Gao. 2021. “Influence of failure mechanism on seismic bearing capacity factors for shallow foundations near slopes.” Géotechnique 71 (7): 594–607. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.P.329.
Zeng, X., and R. S. Steedman. 1993. “On the behaviour of quay walls in earthquakes.” Géotechnique 43 (3): 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.417.
Zhang, R., Y. Xiao, M. Zhao, and J. Jiang. 2020. “Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings placed near c–φ soil slopes.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 136: 106221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106221.
Zhou, H., G. Zheng, X. Yin, R. Jia, and X. Yang. 2018a. “The bearing capacity and failure mechanism of a vertically loaded strip footing placed on the top of slopes.” Comput. Geotech. 94: 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.08.009.
Zhou, H., G. Zheng, X. Yang, T. Li, and P. Yang. 2018b. “Ultimate seismic bearing capacities and failure mechanisms for strip footings placed adjacent to slopes.” Can. Geotech. J. 56 (11): 1729–1735. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0306.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22 • Issue 10 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 19, 2021
Accepted: Apr 25, 2022
Published online: Jul 28, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 28, 2022
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Failure analysis
- Failure modes
- Field tests
- Footings
- Forensic engineering
- Foundation design
- Foundations
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Load bearing capacity
- Seismic effects
- Seismic tests
- Shallow foundations
- Slopes
- Structural engineering
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.