Behavior of Axially and Eccentrically Loaded Trapezoidal Shell Footings Resting on a Granular Assembly
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22, Issue 8
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the behavior of strip shell footings subjected to axial and eccentric loads resting on a cylindrical steel rods assembly that simulates granular soil. An image processing analysis called particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to obtain the displacement field around the footings. The bearing capacity and ultimate settlements of the footings are presented that show a linear variation with respect to the footing peak angle. The efficiency of eccentrically loaded shell footings is also discussed using settlement and rotation factors. Shell footings are proven to demonstrate better performance under eccentric loading in terms of settlement compared with axial loading cases, while a better performance is found at low eccentricities in terms of rotation. The PIV analysis provided the opportunity for a deeper comprehension of ground wedges beneath the footing and a comparison of results with analytical methods that validated the experimental results. Eventually, an eccentricity factor is proposed for the upper-bound solution to make it applicable for nonaxial loading cases.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some of the data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, which includes the raw data (i.e., load-time diagrams and PIV vector fields).
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support granted by the Research Deputy of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad for project no. 45298. In addition, the efforts of Dr. Ehsan Seyedi Hosseininia for providing invaluable comments are much appreciated.
References
Abdel-Rahman, M. 2020. “Lateral loading resistance for shell foundations.” HBRC J. 16 (1): 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/16874048.2020.1802691.
Al-Aghbari, M. Y., and R. K. Dutta. 2008. “Performance of square footing with structural skirt resting on sand.” Geomech. Geoeng. 3 (4): 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020802509393.
Ali Ghaffari, S., E. Sattari, A. Hamidi, G. Tavakoli Mehrjardi, and A. Farshi Homayoun Rooz. 2021. “Experimental study on bearing capacity of shell strip footings near geotextile-reinforced earth slopes.” J. Cent. South Univ. 28 (8): 2527–2543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4784-9.
Azzam, W. R., and A. M. Nasr. 2015. “Bearing capacity of shell strip footing on reinforced sand.” J. Adv. Res. 6 (5): 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.04.003.
Billot, E., A. Flora, J. Lanier, and G. Viggiani. 2002. “Experimental observation of the behavior of a 2D granular material with inclusions.” Riv. Ital. Geotec. 2: 9–22.
Bindal, A. K., A. Das, and A. Das. 2020. “Study on effect of particle shape on interlocking.” In Vol. 2 of Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics IACMAG Symp., edited by A. Prashant, A. Sachan, and C. S. Desai, 455–466. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Dastpak, P., S. Abrishami, S. Sharifi, and A. Tabaroei. 2020. “Experimental study on the behavior of eccentrically loaded circular footing model resting on reinforced sand.” Geotext. Geomembr. 48 (5): 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.03.009.
Esmaeili, K., A. Eslami, and S. Rezazadeh. 2018. “Semi-deep skirted foundations and numerical solution to evaluate bearing capacity.” Open J. Geol. 8 (6): 623–640. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2018.86036.
Georgiadis, M., and R. Butterfield. 1988. “Displacements of footings on sand under eccentric and inclined loads.” Can. Geotech. J. 25 (2): 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1139/t88-024.
Gnananandarao, T., R. K. Dutta, and V. N. Khatri. 2020. “Model studies of plus and double box shaped skirted footings resting on sand.” Int. J. Geo-Eng. 11 (1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-020-00109-0.
Hanna, A., and M. Abdel-Rahman. 1990. “Ultimate bearing capacity of triangular shell strip footings on sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (12): 1851–1863. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:12(1851).
Hanna, A., and M. Abdel-Rahman. 1998. “Experimental investigation of shell foundations on dry sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (5): 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-049.
Hassan, S. A., M. S. Al-Soud, and S. A. Mohammed. 2019. “Behavior of pyramidal shell foundations on reinforced sandy soil.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 37 (4): 2437–2452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00767-z.
Huang, C. C. 2016. “Settlement of footings at the crest of reinforced slopes subjected to toe unloading.” Geosynth. Int. 23 (4): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.15.00045.
Huang, C.-C. 2017. “Failure mechanisms of steep-faced geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls subjected to toe scouring.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 35 (8): 1099–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1290170.
Huang, C.-C., H.-Y. Hsieh, and Y.-L. Hsieh. 2014. “Hyperbolic models for a 2-D backfill and reinforcement pullout.” Geosynth. Int. 21 (3): 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.14.00007.
Huang, C.-C., and W.-M. Luo. 2009. “Behavior of soil retaining walls on deformable foundations.” Eng. Geol. 105 (1–2): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.01.003.
Huang, C.-C., F.-Y. Menq, and Y.-C. Chou. 1999. “The effect of the bending rigidity of a wall on lateral pressure distribution.” Can. Geotech. J. 36 (6): 1039–1055. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-070.
Huat, B. B. K., T. A. Mohammed, A. A. A. A. Ali, and A. A. Abdullah. 2007. “Numerical and field study on triangular shell footing for low rise building.” Int. J. Eng. Technol. 4 (2): 194–204.
Idris, Y., R. Dewi, Y. Sutejo, and M. S. A. Al. 2021. “Bearing capacity of folded plate foundations in clay soil.” J. Appl. Eng. Sci. 19 (3): 681–687. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-30475.
Jenck, O., D. Dias, and R. Kastner. 2007. “Two-dimensional physical and numerical modeling of a pile-supported earth platform over soft soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (3): 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:3(295).
Kurian, N. P., and V. J. Devaki. 2005. “Analytical studies on the geotechnical performance of shell foundations.” Can. Geotech. J. 42 (2): 562–573. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-110.
Liu, S., and H. Matsuoka. 2003. “Microscopic interpretation on a stress-dilatancy relationship of granular materials.” Soils Found. 43 (3): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.3_73.
Liu, J., B. Yuan, and R. Dimaano. 2011. “Optical measurement of sand deformation around a laterally loaded pile.” J. Test. Eval. 39 (5): 754–759.
Liu, J., M. Liu, and Z. Zhu. 2012. “Sand deformation around an uplift plate anchor.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (6): 728–737. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000633.
Loukidis, D., T. Chakraborty, and R. Salgado. 2008. “Bearing capacity of strip footings on purely frictional soil under eccentric and inclined loads.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (6): 768–787. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-015.
Matsuoka, H. 1974. “A microscopic study on shear mechanism of granular materials.” Soils Found. 14 (1): 29–43. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.14.29.
Matsuoka, H., and H. Geka. 1983. “A stress-strain model for granular materials considering mechanism of fabric change.” Soils Found. 23 (2): 83–97. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.23.2_83.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1953. “The bearing capacity of foundations under eccentric and inclined loads.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 3rd Int. Conf., on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 440–445. London: ISSMGE.
Michalowski, R. L., and L. You. 1998. “Effective width rule in calculations of bearing capacity of shallow footings.” Comput. Geotech. 23 (4): 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(98)00024-X.
Murayama, S., and H. Matsuoka. 1969. “On the settlement of granular media caused by the local yielding in the media.” Proc. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 172: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej1969.1969.172_31.
Oda, M., and J. Konishi. 1974. “Microscopic deformation mechanism of granular material in simple shear.” Soils Found. 14 (4): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.14.4_25.
Onda, Y., Y. Matsukura, and Y. Matsukura. 1997. “Mechanism for the instability of slopes composed of granular materials.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 22 (4): 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199704)22:4%3C401::AID-ESP708%3E3.0.CO;2-C.
Rinaldi, R., M. Abdel-Rahman, and A. Hanna. 2017. “Experimental investigation on shell footing models employing high-performance concrete.” In Proc., Int. Congress and Exhibition, Sustainable Civil Infrastructures: Innovative Infrastructure Geotechnology, 373–390. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Rowe, P. W. 1962. “The stress-dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 269 (1339): 500–527.
Shaligram, P. S. 2011. “Behavior of triangular shell strip footing on georeinforced layered sand.” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. 2 (2): 192–196.
Sharifi, S., M. T. Hendry, R. Macciotta, and T. Evans. 2022. “Evaluation of filtering methods for use on high-frequency measurements of landslide displacements.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 22 (2): 411–430. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-411-2022.
Sharifi, S., R. Macciotta, and M. Hendry. 2021. “Reduction of stochastic noise in instrumentation readings: A comparison of simple moving average and Savtizky-Golay filters.” In Proc., GeoNiagra 2021 Conf., 74th Annual Canadian Geotechnical Conf. Canada: The Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Stanier, S. A., J. Blaber, W. A. Take, and D. J. White. 2016. “Improved image-based deformation measurement for geotechnical applications.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (5): 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0253.
Taiebat, H. A., and J. P. Carter. 2010. “A failure surface for circular footings on cohesive soils.” Géotechnique 60 (4): 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00062.
Yamamoto, K., and K. Kusuda. 2001. “Failure mechanisms and bearing capacities of reinforced foundations.” Geotext. Geomembr. 19 (3): 127–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(01)00003-6.
Yamamoto, K., A. V. Lyamin, A. J. Abbo, S. W. Sloan, and M. Hira. 2009. “Bearing capacity and failure mechanism of different types of foundations on sand.” Soils Found. 49 (2): 305–314. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.305.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22 • Issue 8 • August 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 3, 2021
Accepted: Feb 22, 2022
Published online: Jun 1, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 1, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Sohrab Sharifi, Renato Macciotta, Michael T. Hendry, Algorithms to enhance detection of landslide acceleration moment and time-to-failure forecast using time-series displacements, Engineering Geology, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106832, 309, (106832), (2022).
- Amir Hamidi, Mohammad Saeid Niknezhad, Farhad Asemi, Marjan Sadrjamali, Bearing Capacity of Triangular Shell Strip Footings on Geogrid-Reinforced Slopes, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 10.1007/s13369-022-07475-0, (2022).