Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Lower Bound Solutions for Lateral Limit Load of Piles Embedded in Cross-Anisotropic Clay Deposits
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper aims to assess the lateral limit load (H) of a pile embedded in cross-anisotropic clay deposits by a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element lower bound theorem in association with the second-order cone programming method. The lower bound solutions for a laterally loaded pile that is embedded in an anisotropic soil deposit can be found by formulating the element equilibrium, discontinuity shear and normal stresses equilibrium, boundary conditions, yield function, and optimizing the objective function using the second-order cone programming method and an iterative-based update procedure. The calculation procedure ceases when the discrepancy between the successive solutions satisfies the convergence criterion. Three different anisotropy models that include linear, sine, and cosine functions will be exploited to address the effect of cross-anisotropy. A parametric study will be conducted to capture the coupled effects of anisotropy degree (β), embedment length (L), and adhesion factor (α). The findings of this paper will be compared with those reported in the literature. The comparative analyses illustrated that the sine and cosine anisotropy functions yielded the least and most H predictions with β lower than 1, respectively. However, for soils with β higher than 1, the linear and the sine functions provided the lowest and the highest H predictions, respectively.
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International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21 • Issue 12 • December 2021
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© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Apr 29, 2021
Accepted: Jul 29, 2021
Published online: Sep 30, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Mar 1, 2022
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