Mechanism of Enzyme Stabilization for Expansive Soils Using Mechanical and Microstructural Investigation
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 10
Abstract
Expansive soils are susceptible to ground movements and are problematic to overlying geotechnical structures. There is a growing shift to use nontraditional sustainable and economical alternatives. To date, limited research is available on investigating the reaction mechanism of nontraditional soil stabilization; thus, this research aims to fill this gap in the knowledge. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of field expansive soil with the enzyme-based soil stabilizer. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of enzyme soil stabilization was studied using microstructural-driven analytical techniques. The results indicate substantial increase in California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength, and resilient modulus with a considerable reduction in permeability with the addition of enzymes into the expansive soil. The enzyme additive is adsorbed by the clay particles, which reflects a reduced affinity for water, an improved density, and a reduced ingress of water within the soil. Adding enzymes causes the expansive clay mineral lattices to relax, as the enzyme stabilizers penetrate the inner layers leading to expansion and subsequent moisture entrapment of the inner layers, emphasizing densification and a reduced affinity for water. The outcomes from the study are beneficial for the understanding of enzyme-based ground improvement to inhibit the expansive nature of reactive soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Support provided by Adj/Prof. Brian O’Donnell and Prof. Anoop Swarup from CPEAP Ltd. is greatly appreciated. The X-ray facility and Microscopy & Microanalysis facility provided by RMIT University and is acknowledged. This research was conducted by the Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Research Hub for nanoscience-based construction material manufacturing (IH150100006) and funded by the Australian Government. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
AASHTO. 2008. Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide. A manual of practice. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soil and aggregate materials. AASHTO T 307-99. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Agarwal, P., and S. Kaur. 2014. “Effect of bio-enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expansive soil.” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 03 (5): 30–33. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0305007.
Alazigha, D. P., B. Indraratna, J. S. Vinod, and A. Heitor. 2018. “Mechanisms of stabilization of expansive soil with lignosulfonate admixture.” Transp. Geotech. 14: 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.11.001.
Aldaood, A., M. Bouasker, and M. Al-Mukhtar. 2014. “Impact of wetting–drying cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lime-stabilized gypseous soils.” Eng. Geol. 174: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.002.
Al-Mukhtar, M., S. Khattab, and J.-F. Alcover. 2012. “Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil.” Eng. Geol. 139–140: 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.004.
Arya, L. M., and J. F. Paris. 1981. “A physicoempirical model to predict the soil moisture characteristic from particle-size distribution and bulk density data.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45 (6): 1023–1030. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500060004x.
AS (Standards Australia). 2001a. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, in 1.1 sampling and preperation of soils—Peperation of disturbed soil samples for testing. AS 1289.1. Sydney, Australia: AS.
AS (Standards Australia). 2001b. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, in 6.7.2 soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of permeability of a soil—Falling head method for remolded specimen. AS 1289.6. Sydney, Australia: AS.
AS (Standards Australia). 2014. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, in 6.1.1 Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of California Bearing Ratio of a soil. AS 1289.6. Sydney, Australia: AS.
AS (Standards Australia). 2017. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, in 5.1.1 Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using standard compactive effort. AS 1289.5. Sydney, Australia: AS.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for direct shear test of soil under consolidated drained conditions. ASTM D3080. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for one-dimensional swell or collapse of soil. ASTM D4546. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard practice for classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixture for highway construction purposes. ASTM D3282. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM D2166. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Atahu, M. K., F. Saathoff, and A. Gebissa. 2019. “Strength and compressibility behaviors of expansive soil treated with coffee husk ash.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 11 (2): 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.11.004.
Austroads. 2012. Guide to pavement technology Part 2: Pavement structural design. Sydney, Australia: Austroads Incorporated.
Behnood, A. 2018. “Soil and clay stabilization with calcium- and non-calcium-based additives: A state-of-the-art review of challenges, approaches and techniques.” Transp. Geotech. 17: 14–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2018.08.002.
Bell, F. 1996. “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils.” Eng. Geol. 42 (4): 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2.
Bishop, A. W. 1959. “The principle of effective stress.” Teknisk Ukeblad 106 (39): 859–863.
Bishop, J. L., C. M. Pieters, and J. O. Edwards. 1994. “Infrared spectroscopic analyses on the nature of water in montmorillonite.” Clays Clay Miner. 42 (6): 702–716. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420606.
Blanck, G., O. Cuisinier, and F. Masrouri. 2014. “Soil treatment with organic non-traditional additives for the improvement of earthworks.” Acta Geotech. 9 (6): 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0251-6.
Brazetti, R., and S. R. Murphy. 2001. “Objective performance measurement of actual road sites treated with an organic soil stabilizer.” In First Road Transportation Technology Transfer Conference in Africa, 406–415. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania Ministry of Works.
Chandler, N., J. Palson, and T. Burns. 2017. “Capillary rise experiment to assess effectiveness of an enzyme soil stabilizer.” Can. Geotech. J. 54 (10): 1509–1517. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0511.
Chen, F. H. 1988. Foundations on expansive soils, developments in geotechnical engineering. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Cokca, E., O. Erol, and F. Armangil. 2004. “Effects of compaction moisture content on the shear strength of an unsaturated clay.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 22 (2): 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000018349.40866.3e.
Dakshanamurthy, V., and V. Raman. 1973. “A simple method of identifying an expansive soil.” Soils Found. 13 (1): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.13.97.
Dash, S. K., and M. Hussain. 2012. “Lime stabilization of soils: Reappraisal.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (6): 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000431.
DeJong, J. T., M. B. Fritzges, and K. Nüsslein. 2006. “Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (11): 1381–1392. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1381).
DeJong, J. T., B. M. Mortensen, B. C. Martinez, and D. C. Nelson. 2010. “Bio-mediated soil improvement.” Ecol. Eng. 36 (2): 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029.
Diamond, S., and E. B. Kinter. 1965. “Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization.” Transp. Res. Rec. 92: 83–102.
Diko, M., G. Ekosse, and J. Ogola. 2016. “Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analyses of kaolinitic clays from South Africa and Cameroon.” Acta Geodyn. Geomater. 13 (2): 149–158.
Dutta, S., and J. N. Mandal. 2017. “Numerical analyses on cellular mattress–reinforced fly ash beds overlying soft clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (4): 04016095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000772.
Eisazadeh, A., K. A. Kassim, and H. Nur. 2012. “Solid-state NMR and FTIR studies of lime stabilized montmorillonitic and lateritic clays.” Appl. Clay Sci. 67–68: 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.05.006.
EkoSoil. 2015. Eko soil manual. Melbourne, Australia: EkoSoil.
Elkady, T. Y., A. M. Al-Mahbashi, and T. O. Al-Refeai. 2015. “Stress-dependent soil-water characteristic curves of lime-treated expansive clay.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (3): 04014127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000995.
Eujine, G. N., S. Chandrakaran, and N. Sankar. 2017. “Accelerated subgrade stabilization using enzymatic lime technique.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001923.
Evans, R. P., and K. J. Mcmanus. 1999. “Construction of vertical moisture barriers to reduce expansive soil subgrade movement.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1652 (1): 108–112. https://doi.org/10.3141/1652-48.
Gomez, M. G., C. M. R. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and M. Tsesarsky. 2018. “Stimulation of native microorganisms for biocementation in samples recovered from field-scale treatment depths.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (1): 04017098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001804.
Hanzawa, H., K. Suzuki, and M. Kurihara. 1990. “Shear strength and consolidation yielding stress of Pleistocene clay found at Izumi-Hill of Osaka District.” Soils Found. 30 (1): 129–141. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.129.
Heidaripanah, A., M. Nazemi, and F. Soltani. 2017. “Prediction of resilient modulus of lime-treated subgrade soil using different kernels of support vector machine.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (2): 06016020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000723.
Hossain, M. A., and J.-H. Yin. 2014. “Behavior of a pressure-grouted soil-cement interface in direct shear tests.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000301.
Jiang, N.-J., Y.-J. Du, S.-Y. Liu, M.-L. Wei, S. Horpibulsuk, and A. Arulrajah. 2016. “Multi-scale laboratory evaluation of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of soft highway subgrade soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (3): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0245.
Kashizadeh, E., A. Mukherjee, and A. Tordesillas. 2021. “Experimental and numerical investigations on confined granular systems stabilized by bacterial cementation.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (1): 04020244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001891.
Katz, L. E., A. F. Rauch, H. M. Liljestrand, J. S. Harmon, K. S. Shaw, and H. Albers. 2001. “Mechanisms of soil stabilization with liquid ionic stabilizer.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1757 (1): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-06.
Kensenhuis, G. A., and A. J. Modi. 2001. “Bio enzymatic soil stabilizers for construction of rural roads.” In Int. Seminar on Sustainable Development in Road Transport, 389–403. New Delhi, India: Indian Roads Congress.
Khan, T. A., and M. R. Taha. 2015. “Effect of three bioenzymes on compaction, consistency limits, and strength characteristics of a sedimentary residual soil.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015: 798965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/798965.
Khan, T. A., M. R. Taha, A. A. Firoozi, and A. A. Firoozi. 2017. “California bearing ratio tests of enzyme-treated sedimentary residual soil show no improvement.” Sains Malaysiana 46 (8): 1259–1267. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4608-11.
Komadel, P., and J. W. Stucki. 1999. “Partial stabilization of Fe(II) in reduced ferruginous smectite by Li fixation.” Clays Clay Miner. 47 (4): 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470407.
Kushwaha, S., D. Kishan, M. Chauhan, and S. Khetawath. 2018a. “Stabilization of Red mud using eko soil enzyme for highway embankment.” Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (9): 20500–20512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.427.
Kushwaha, S., D. Kishan, and N. Dindorkar. 2018b. “Stabilization of expansive soil using eko soil enzyme for highway embankment.” Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (9): 19667–19679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.329.
Latifi, N., F. Vahedifard, E. Ghazanfari, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Marto, and J. Williams. 2018. “Sustainable improvement of clays using low-carbon nontraditional additive.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (3): 04017162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001086.
Lei, H., J. Lou, X. Li, M. Jiang, and C. Tu. 2020. “Stabilization effect of anionic polyacrylamide on marine clay treated with lime.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (6): 04020050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001680.
Madejová, J. 2003. “FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies.” Vib. Spectrosc. 31 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6.
Marasteanu, M. O., R. M. Hozalski, T. R. Clyne, and R. Velasquez. 2005. Preliminary laboratory investigation of enzyme solutions as a soil stabilizer. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Dept. of Transportation.
Mgangira, M. B. 2009. “Evaluation of the effects of enzyme-based liquid chemical stabilizers on subgrade soils.” In Proc., 28th Annual Southern African Transport Conf., 192–199. http://hdl.handle.net/10204/3654.
Naagesh, S., and S. Gangadhara. 2011. “Swelling properties of bio-enzyme treated expansive soil.” Int. J. Eng. Stud. 4 (2): 555–560.
Nayak, P. S., and B. K. Singh. 2007. “Instrumental characterization of clay by XRF, XRD and FTIR.” Bull. Mater. Sci. 30 (3): 235–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-007-0042-5.
Ozel, M., and A. Mohajerani. 2011. “Prediction of subgrade resilient modulus for flexible pavement design.” Sci. Res. Essays 6 (21): 4567–4576. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.846.
Parsons, R. L., and J. P. Milburn. 2003. “Engineering behavior of stabilized soils.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1837 (1): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.3141/1837-03.
Pedarla, A., S. Chittoori, and A. J. Puppala. 2011. “Influence of mineralogy and plasticity index on the stabilization effectiveness of expansive clays.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2212 (1): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2212-10.
Pooni, J., F. Giustozzi, D. Robert, S. Setunge, and B. O’Donnell. 2019. “Durability of enzyme stabilized expansive soil in road pavements subjected to moisture degradation.” Transp. Geotech. 21: 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100255.
Powell, W., J. Potter, H. Mayhew, and M. Nunn. 1984. The structural design of bituminous roads. Crowthorne, UK: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
Puppala, A. J., K. Punthutaecha, and S. K. Vanapalli. 2006. “Soil-water characteristic curves of stabilized expansive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (6): 736–751. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(736).
Rajoria, V., and S. Kaur. 2014. “A review on stabilization of soil using bio-enzyme.” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 3 (1): 75–78. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0301011.
Rauch, A. F., J. S. Harmon, L. E. Katz, and H. M. Liljestrand. 2002. “Measured effects of liquid soil stabilizers on engineering properties of clay.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1787 (1): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.3141/1787-04.
Rauch, A. F., L. E. Katz, and H. M. Liljestrand. 2003. An analysis of the mechanisms and efficacy of three liquid chemical soil stabilizers: Volume 1. Evaluation of nontraditional soil and aggregate stabilizers. Austin, TX: Center for Transportation Research.
Renjith, R., D. J. Robert, C. Gunasekara, S. Setunge, and B. O’Donnell. 2020. “Optimization of enzyme-based soil stabilization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (5): 04020091. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003124.
Reshmi, R., and S. Sugunan. 2013. “Superior activities of lipase immobilized on pure and hydrophobic clay supports: Characterization and catalytic activity studies.” J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 97: 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.04.003.
Russell, J. D., and A. R. Fraser. 1994. “Infrared methods.” In Clay mineralogy: Spectroscopic and chemical determinative methods, edited by M. J. Wilson, 11–67. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Sandanayake, M., C. Gunasekara, D. Law, G. Zhang, S. Setunge, and D. Wanijuru. 2020. “Sustainable criterion selection framework for green building materials—An optimisation based study of fly-ash Geopolymer concrete.” Sustainable Mater. Technol. 25: e00178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00178.
Sanjay, G., and S. Sugunan. 2005. “Glucoamylase immobilized on montmorillonite: Synthesis, characterization and starch hydrolysis activity in a fixed bed reactor.” Catal. Commun. 6 (8): 525–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2005.04.016.
Scholen, D. E. 1992. Non-standard stabilizers. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Scholen, D. E. 1995. “Stabilizer mechanisms in nonstandard stabilizers.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Low-Volume Roads.
Secundo, F., J. Miehé-Brendlé, C. Chelaru, E. E. Ferrandi, and E. Dumitriu. 2008. “Adsorption and activities of lipases on synthetic beidellite clays with variable composition.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 109 (1–3): 350–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.05.032.
Sedaghat, M. E., M. Ghiaci, H. Aghaei, and S. Soleimanian-Zad. 2009. “Enzyme immobilization. Part 3: Immobilization of α-amylase on Na-bentonite and modified bentonite.” Appl. Clay Sci. 46 (2): 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.07.023.
Sheng, D., A. Gens, D. G. Fredlund, and S. W. Sloan. 2008. “Unsaturated soils: From constitutive modelling to numerical algorithms.” Comput. Geotech. 35 (6): 810–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.08.011.
Taha, M. R., T. A. Khan, I. T. Jawad, A. A. Firoozi, and A. A. Firoozi. 2013. “Recent experimental studies in soil stabilization with bio-enzymes—A review.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 18: 3881–3894.
Tingle, J. S., J. K. Newman, S. L. Larson, C. A. Weiss, and J. F. Rushing. 2007. “Stabilization mechanisms of nontraditional additives.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1989–2 (1): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.3141/1989-49.
Tingle, J. S., and R. L. Santoni. 2003. “Stabilization of clay soils with nontraditional additives.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1819 (1): 72–84. https://doi.org/10.3141/1819b-10.
Tolleson, R., M. Shatnswi, E. Harman, and E. Mahdavian. 2003. An evaluation of strength change on subgrade soils stabilized with an enzyme catalyst solution using CBR and SSG comparisons. Final Rep. to Univ. Transportation Center Grant No. R-02-UTC-ULTERPAVB–GEO-01. Orangeburg, SC: South Carolina State Univ.
Velasquez, R. A., M. O. Marasteanu, and R. M. Hozalski. 2006. “Investigation of the effectiveness and mechanisms of enzyme products for subgrade stabilization.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 7 (3): 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430600574395.
Venkatasubramanian, C., and G. Dhinakaran. 2011. “Effect of bio-enzymatic soil stabilisation on unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio.” J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 6 (5): 295–298.
Venkatesh, A., and G. Sreenivasa Reddy. 2017. “Study on BC soil used as subgrade and treated with Terrazyme—A bio-enzyme.” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 4 (1): 615–619.
Wang, Y.-X., P.-P. Guo, W.-X. Ren, B.-X. Yuan, H.-P. Yuan, Y.-L. Zhao, S.-B. Shan, and P. Cao. 2017. “Laboratory investigation on strength characteristics of expansive soil treated with jute fiber reinforcement.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (11): 04017101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000998.
Xiao, Y., Y. Wang, C. S. Desai, X. Jiang, and H. Liu. 2019. “Strength and deformation responses of biocemented sands using a temperature-controlled method.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (11): 04019120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001497.
Yang, P., E. Kavazanjian, and N. Neithalath. 2019. “Particle-scale mechanisms in undrained triaxial compression of biocemented sands: Insights from 3D DEM simulations with flexible boundary.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (4): 04019009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001346.
Yang, P., S. O’Donnell, N. Hamdan, E. Kavazanjian, and N. Neithalath. 2017. “3D DEM simulations of drained triaxial compression of sand strengthened using microbially induced carbonate precipitation.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (6): 04016143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000848.
Zornberg, J. G., M. Azevedo, M. Sikkema, and B. Odgers. 2017. “Geosynthetics with enhanced lateral drainage capabilities in roadway systems.” Transp. Geotech. 12: 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.08.008.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21 • Issue 10 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 17, 2020
Accepted: Jun 2, 2021
Published online: Aug 5, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 5, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Christopher K. Vonk, Julio R. Valdes, Soil Swell Accommodation by Compressible Inclusions, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8204, 23, 6, (2023).
- Amir Sidiq, Dilan J. Robert, Brian O’Donnell, Sujeeva Setunge, Anoop Swarup, Frank Tostvrsnik, Investigation of Enzyme–Based Soil Stabilization in Field Application, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004742, 35, 5, (2023).
- Anna Shidlovskaya, Jean-Louis Briaud, Erosion Mitigation Using Grass, Riprap, Lime, and Enzymes, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002918, 149, 4, (2023).
- Jianwei Zhang, Yue Yin, Wanpeng Shi, Danqing Song, Lu Yu, Lei Shi, Zhiguang Han, Experimental study on the calcium carbonate production rates and crystal size of EICP under multi-factor coupling, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01802, 18, (e01802), (2023).
- Jianwei Zhang, Yue Yin, Lei Shi, Hanliang Bian, Wanpeng Shi, Experimental investigation on mechanical behavior of sands treated by enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation with assistance of sisal-fiber nucleation, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10.3389/feart.2022.992474, 10, (2022).
- Piyush Parik, Nihar Ranjan Patra, Effect of Bio-enzyme on Strength and Microstructure of Banda Clay Soil, India, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s40999-022-00764-7, 21, 1, (135-148), (2022).