Experimental Research on Strain Transfer Behavior of Fiber-Optic Cable Embedded in Soil Using Distributed Strain Sensing
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 10
Abstract
The strain transfer between fiber-optic cable and soil plays a critical role in the deformation characteristics of a cable–soil interface. Existing findings cannot provide a clear understanding of the effects of key influencing factors including horizontal confining pressures, anchorage property of cables, and saturation of soils on the strain transfer and shear characteristics at the interface. A group of pullout tests of cables in soil were conducted to examine the strain transfer efficiency using the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique. Two kinds of cables were pulled out from sandy soil and sand–gravel–clay mixtures under the confining pressures of 0–1.2 MPa. Typical strain-hardening behavior was observed for cables with confining pressure and anchorage, and the interface shear strength could not be evaluated within the strain measurement range. To address this problem, the so-called interface shear coefficient was adopted, and the key influential factors were discussed quantitatively. The interface shear coefficient keeps a linear relationship with the confining pressure, and that of the anchored cable in saturated backfill mixtures is 2–3 times than that of the unanchored cable. These findings will guide the methods of gaining reliable data for revealing the failure mechanism of geostructures via distributed strain sensing.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42030701, 41977217, and 41427801). C.-C.Z. was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20200217). S.-P.L. was supported by the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. KYCX19_0048) and the China Scholarship Council (201906190153). The authors thank Song Zhang, Rui Song, and Jian-Hui He from Nanjing University for their assistance in the laboratory tests.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- cross-sectional area;
- CT
- temperature coefficient;
- Cc
- coefficient of curvature;
- Cu
- uniformity coefficient;
- Cɛ
- strain coefficient;
- D
- diameter of the cable;
- d10
- effective grain size;
- d30
- grain size corresponding to 30% finer;
- d50
- average grain size;
- d60
- constrained grain size;
- E
- Young's modulus;
- F
- axial force;
- Fcri
- critical axial force;
- Fe
- axial force at the head of the elastic segment;
- Gs
- specific gravity of the soil;
- G*
- interface shear coefficient;
- L
- embedded length of the cable;
- Le
- elastic segment at the cable–soil interface;
- Llim
- limited length;
- Lp
- plastic segment at the cable–soil interface;
- T
- temperature;
- u
- pullout displacement;
- uT
- tensile deformation of the dangling cable;
- us
- shear displacement;
- α
- pullout coefficient;
- ɛ
- axial strain;
- ɛlim
- limited strain;
- v
- Rayleigh frequency;
- ρdmax
- maximum dry density;
- τ
- interface shear stress;
- τmax
- interface shear strength;
- φ
- friction angle of the soil; and
- ωseg
- load resistance capacity.
References
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barrias, A., J. R. Casas, and S. Villalba. 2016. “A review of distributed optical fiber sensors for civil engineering applications.” Sensors 16 (5): 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050748.
Beemer, R. D., M. J. Cassidy, and C. Gaudin. 2018. Investigation of an OFDR fibre Bragg system for use in geotechnical scale modelling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Belli, R., B. Glisic, D. Inaudi, and B. Gebreselassie. 2009. “Smart textiles for SHM of geostructures and buildings.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf.on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Society for Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
Billon, A., J.-M. Hénault, M. Quiertant, F. Taillade, A. Khadour, R.-P. Martin, and K. Benzarti. 2015. “Qualification of a distributed optical fiber sensor bonded to the surface of a concrete structure: A methodology to obtain quantitative strain measurements.” Smart Mater. Struct. 24 (11): 115001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/11/115001.
Dove, J. E., and J. D. Frost. 1999. “Peak friction behavior of smooth geomembrane–particle interfaces.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (7): 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:7(544).
Fleming, I. R., J. S. Sharma, and M. B. Jogi. 2006. “Shear strength of geomembrane–soil interface under unsaturated conditions.” Geotext. Geomembr. 24 (5): 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.03.009.
Gu, K., B. Shi, C. Liu, H. Jiang, T. Li, and J. Wu. 2018. “Investigation of land subsidence with the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing techniques and microstructure analysis of soils.” Eng. Geol. 240: 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.004.
Habel, W. R., and K. Krebber. 2011. “Fiber-optic sensor applications in civil and geotechnical engineering.” Photonic Sens. 1 (3): 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-011-0011-x.
Hauswirth, D., A. M. Puzrin, A. Carrera, J. R. Standing, and M. S. P. Wan. 2014. “Use of fibre-optic sensors for simple assessment of ground surface displacements during tunnelling.” Géotechnique 64 (10): 837–842. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.T.009.
Henault, J. M., M. Quiertant, S. Delepine-Lesoille, J. Salin, G. Moreau, F. Taillade, and K. Benzarti. 2012. “Quantitative strain measurement and crack detection in RC structures using a truly distributed fiber optic sensing system.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37: 916–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.029.
Iten, M., A. M. Puzrin, D. Hauswirth, S. Foaleng-Mafang, J.-C. Beugnot, and L. Thévenaz. 2009a. “Study of a progressive failure in soil using BEDS.” In Vol. 7503 of Proc., 20th Int. Conf. on Optical Fibre Sensors, 75037S-1–75037S-4. Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Iten, M., F. Ravet, M. Niklès, M. Facchini, T. Hertig, D. Hauswirth, and A. Puzrin. 2009b. “Soil-embedded fiber optic strain sensors for detection of differential soil displacements.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Structural Health Monitoring on Intelligent Infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Society for Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
Kanitz, M., A. Hager, J. Grabe, and C. Goniva. 2019. “Numerical and experimental analysis of the extraction mechanism of an anchor plate embedded in saturated sand.” Comput. Geotech. 111: 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.014.
Klar, A., S. Uchida, and E. Levenberg. 2016. “In situ profiling of soil stiffness parameters using high-resolution fiber-optic distributed sensing.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (8): 04016032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001493.
Kogure, T., and Y. Okuda. 2018. “Monitoring the vertical distribution of rainfall-induced strain changes in a landslide measured by distributed fiber optic sensing with Rayleigh backscattering.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (9): 4033–4040. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077607.
Lanticq, V., E. Bourgeois, P. Magnien, L. Dieleman, G. Vinceslas, A. Sang, and S. Delepine-Lesoille. 2009. “Soil-embedded optical fiber sensing cable interrogated by Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (B-OTDR) and optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) for embedded cavity detection and sinkhole warning system.” Meas. Sci. Technol. 20 (3): 034018. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/3/034018.
Li, B., D. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Wang, and B. Shi. 2017. “Testing method on performance of deformation coupling between distributed sensing fiber and soil.” Geol. J. China Univ. 23 (4): 633–639.
Liu, S.-P., B. Shi, K. Gu, C.-C. Zhang, J.-L. Yang, S. Zhang, and P. Yang. 2020. “Land subsidence monitoring in sinking coastal areas using distributed fiber optic sensing: A case study.” Nat. Hazards 103 (3): 3043–3061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04118-1.
Ni, P., I. D. Moore, and W. A. Take. 2018. “Distributed fibre optic sensing of strains on buried full-scale PVC pipelines crossing a normal fault.” Géotechnique 68 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.161.
Puzrin, A. M., M. Iten, and F. Fischli. 2020. “Monitoring of ground displacements using borehole-embedded distributed fibre optic sensors.” Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 53 (1): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2018-166.
Sascha, L., W. Mario, and K. Katerina. 2009. “Distributed perfluorinated POF strain sensor using OTDR and OFDR techniques.” In Vol. 7503 of Proc., 20th Int. Conf. on Optical Fibre Sensors, 75036G-1–75036G-4. Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Schenato, L., A. Pasuto, A. Galtarossa, and L. Palmieri. 2018. “On the use of OFDR for high-spatial resolution strain measurements in mechanical and geotechnical engineering.” In Proc., 2018 IEEE Int. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., 1–6. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Soga, K., and L. Luo. 2018. “Distributed fiber optics sensors for civil engineering infrastructure sensing.” J. Struct. Integrity Maint. 3 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2018.1426138.
Sun, Y., Z. Xue, T. Hashimoto, X. Lei, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Distributed fiber optic sensing system for well-based monitoring water injection tests—A geomechanical responses perspective.” Water Resour. Res. 56 (1): e2019WR024794. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024794.
Suo, W., Y. Lu, B. Shi, H. Zhu, G. Wei, and H. Jiang. 2016. “Development and application of a fixed-point fiber-optic sensing cable for ground fissure monitoring.” J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 6 (4): 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-016-0192-5.
Tang, C.-S., B. Shi, and L.-Z. Zhao. 2010. “Interfacial shear strength of fiber reinforced soil.” Geotext. Geomembr. 28 (1): 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.10.001.
Wan, K. T., C. K. Y. Leung, and N. G. Olson. 2008. “Investigation of the strain transfer for surface-attached optical fiber strain sensors.” Smart Mater. Struct. 17 (3): 035037. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/035037.
Wu, J., H. Jiang, J. Su, B. Shi, Y. Jiang, and K. Gu. 2015. “Application of distributed fiber optic sensing technique in land subsidence monitoring.” J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 5 (5): 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-015-0133-8.
Yuan, H. 2005. “Improved theoretical solutions of FRP-to-concrete interfaces.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Bond Behaviour of FRP in Structures, 97–102. Hong Kong: International Institute for FRP in Construction.
Zhang, C.-C., B. Shi, K. Gu, S.-P. Liu, J.-H. Wu, S. Zhang, L. Zhang, H.-T. Jiang, and G.-Q. Wei. 2018. “Vertically distributed sensing of deformation using fiber optic sensing.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (21): 11732–11741. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080428.
Zhang, C.-C., H.-H. Zhu, S.-P. Liu, B. Shi, and G. Cheng. 2020. “Quantifying progressive failure of micro-anchored fiber optic cable–sand interface via high-resolution distributed strain sensing.” Can. Geotech. J. 57 (6): 871–881. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0651.
Zhang, C. C., H. H. Zhu, and B. Shi. 2016a. “Role of the interface between distributed fibre optic strain sensor and soil in ground deformation measurement.” Sci. Rep. 6 (1): 36469. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36469.
Zhang, D., Q. Xu, A. Bezuijen, G. Zheng, and H. Wang. 2016b. “Internal deformation monitoring for centrifuge slope model with embedded FBG arrays.” Landslides 14 (1): 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0742-2.
Zhu, H.-H., J.-K. She, C.-C. Zhang, and B. Shi. 2015. “Experimental study on pullout performance of sensing optical fibers in compacted sand.” Measurement 73: 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.05.027.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21 • Issue 10 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 9, 2021
Accepted: May 29, 2021
Published online: Aug 5, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 5, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Kai Gu, Fulin Xiang, Chun Liu, Bin Shi, Xing Zheng, Insight into the mechanical coupling behavior of loose sediment and embedded fiber-optic cable using discrete element method, Engineering Geology, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106948, 312, (106948), (2023).
- Xuanyi Lu, Kun Feng, Meilin Qi, Wenqi Guo, Experimental Study on Deformation Behavior of Shield Tunnel Subjected to Riverbed Scour Based on DOFS, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s12205-023-0810-9, (2023).
- Tong Jiao, Chuhong Pu, Wenjing Xing, Tao Lv, Yuan Li, Huaping Wang, Jianping He, Characterization of Engineering-Suitable Optical Fiber Sensors Packaged with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers, Symmetry, 10.3390/sym14050973, 14, 5, (973), (2022).
- Samuel Nowak, Taghi Sherizadeh, Mina Esmaeelpour, Dogukan Guner, Kutay E. Karadeniz, Hybrid Fiber Optic Cable for Strain Profiling and Crack Growth Measurement in Rock, Cement, and Brittle Installation Media, Sensors, 10.3390/s22249685, 22, 24, (9685), (2022).
- Luca Palmieri, Luca Schenato, Marco Santagiustina, Andrea Galtarossa, Rayleigh-Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing, Sensors, 10.3390/s22186811, 22, 18, (6811), (2022).
- Renliang Shan, Shupeng Zhang, Shengchao Xiao, Junqi Liang, Research on Anchor Cable and C-Shaped Tube Support Method in Deep Layers Roadway, Experimental Study, and Numerical Simulation, Shock and Vibration, 10.1155/2021/7537979, 2021, (1-13), (2021).
- Su-Ping Liu, Bin Shi, Kai Gu, Cheng-Cheng Zhang, Jian-Hui He, Jing-Hong Wu, Guang-Qing Wei, Fiber-optic wireless sensor network using ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings for vertical subsurface deformation monitoring, Natural Hazards, 10.1007/s11069-021-04932-1, 109, 3, (2557-2573), (2021).