Warning Index Associated with Rock Burst in Deeply Buried Tunnels
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 11
Abstract
Rock bursts are disastrous when occurring during the construction of tunnels in a deep underground rock mass, and they occur under two key conditions: energy release from surrounding rocks; and fracture propagation. Based on the construction process of the excavated segment of the marble around a deeply buried tunnel at the Jinping-II hydropower station (Sichuan Province, China), an analysis was conducted on the whole initiation and propagation processes of 40 rock bursts of different intensities. The analysis was carried out by combining numerical calculation with field microseismic (MS) monitoring. During the analysis, the local energy release rate (LERR) and fractal theory-based calculations were introduced. Furthermore, the dynamic warning index for rock burst risk of deeply buried tunnels in hard rock was established. When the peak LERR reached 2.51 × 105 J/m3 and the energy fractal dimension of MS events was greater than 0.32, there was a high rock burst risk. When the logarithm of the LERR was between 1.25 × 105 and 3.16 × 105 J/m3 and the logarithm of the energy released during MS was increased to 0.25–0.32, a slight rock burst risk arose. When the LERR was less than 105 J/m3, no rock burst risk arose. By applying the aforementioned warning indices to engineering practice, the probability of occurrence and potential risk of a rock burst during subsequent construction operations were decreased. The aforementioned results provide an important theoretical basis for smart and green excavation and safety life cycle solutions under high geostress conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51969007 and the Fund of Jiangxi Province (Grant Nos. 20192BCBL23006 and 20202ACBL214016). The authors thank Professors Feng Xia-ting, Li Shao-jun, Xiao Ya-xun, Feng Guang-liang, Zhou Hui, and Zhang Chuan-qing for their support during the microseismicity monitoring.
References
Chen, B. R., X. T. Feng, Q. P. Li, R. Z. Luo, and S. J. Li. 2015. “Rock burst intensity classification based on the radiated energy with damage intensity at Jinping II Hydropower Station, China.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (1): 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0524-2.
Cook, N. G. W., E. Hoek, and J. P. G. Pretorius. 1966. “Rock mechanics applied to the study of rockbursts.” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 66 (10): 436–528.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, and Y. X. Xiao. 2020. “Characteristics of microseismicity during breakthrough in deep tunnels: Case study of Jinping-II hydropower station in China.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (2): 04019163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001574.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, Y. X. Xiao, and Y. Yu. 2015. “A microseismic method for dynamic warning of rockburst development processes in tunnels.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (5): 2061–2076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0689-3.
Feng, X. T. 2018. Rockburst, mechanisms, monitoring, warning, and mitigation. 1st ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Feng, X. T., et al. 2012. “Studies on the evolution process of rockbursts in deep tunnels.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 4 (4): 289–295. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00289.
Feng, X. T., H. S. Guo, C. X. Yang, and S. J. Li. 2018. “In situ observation and evaluation of zonal disintegration affected by existing fractures in deep hard rock tunneling.” Eng. Geol. 242: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.05.019.
Feng, X. T., S. F. Pei, Q. Jiang, Y. Y. Zhou, S.-J. Li, and Z.-B. Yao. 2017. “Deep fracturing of the hard rock surrounding a large underground cavern subjected to high geostress: In situ observation and mechanism analysis.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (8): 2155–2175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1220-4.
Feng, X. T., and M. Seto. 1999. “Fractal structure of the time distribution of microfracturing in rocks.” Geophys. J. Int. 136 (1): 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.0722x.x.
Feng, X. T., Y. Yu, G.-L. Feng, Y.-X. Xiao, B.-r. Chen, and Q. Jiang. 2016. “Fractal behaviour of the microseismic energy associated with immediate rockbursts in deep, hard rock tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 51: 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.002.
Guo, H. S., X. T. Feng, S. J. Li, C. X. Yang, and Z. B. Yao. 2017. “Evaluation of the integrity of deep rock masses using results of digital borehole televiewers.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (6): 1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1173-7.
Hajiabdolmajid, V., and P. K. Kaiser. 2003. “Brittleness of rock and stability assessment in hard rock tunneling.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 18 (1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00100-1.
He, M. C., J. L. Miao, and J. L. Feng. 2010. “Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47 (2): 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.09.003.
Huang, Q., and X. Ding. 2012. “Spatiotemporal variations of seismic quiescence prior to the 2011 M 9.0 Tohoku earthquake revealed by an improved region–time–length algorithm.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 102 (4): 1878–1883. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110343.
Jiang, Q., X. T. Feng, T. B. Xiang, and G. S. Su. 2010. “Rockburst characteristics and numerical simulation based on a new energy index: A case study of a tunnel at 2,500 m depth.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 69 (3): 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0275-1.
Kagan, Y. Y. 2007. “Earthquake spatial distribution: The correlation dimension.” Geophys. J. Int. 168 (3): 1175–1194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03251.x.
Katsumata, K. 2011. “A long-term seismic quiescence started 23 years before the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M = 9.0).” Earth Planets Space 63 (7): 709–712. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.06.033.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1982. The fractal geometry of nature. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Mandelbrot, B. B., D. E. Passoja, and A. J. Paullay. 1984. “Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals.” Nature 308 (5961): 721–722. https://doi.org/10.1038/308721a0.
Mendecki, A. J., G. Van Aswegen, and P. Mountfort. 1999. A guide to routine seismic monitoring in mines. Cape Town, South Africa: Creda Communications.
Xiao, Y. X., X. T. Feng, S. J. Li, G. L. Feng, and Y. Yu. 2016. “Rock mass failure mechanisms during the evolution process of rockbursts in tunnels.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 83: 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.01.008.
Xie, H. P., and W. G. Pariseau. 1993. “Fractal character and mechanism of rock bursts.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 30 (4): 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)91718-X.
Yu, Y., B. R. Chen, C. J. Xu, X. H. Diao, L. H. Tong, and Y. F. Shi. 2017. “Analysis for microseismic energy of immediate rockbursts in deep tunnels with different excavation methods.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (5): 04016119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000805.
Yu, Y., J. W. Ding, Q. Xu, B. T. Zhu, C. J. Xu, and L. H. Tong. 2020a. “Damage of sandstone induced by repetitive impact loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (7): 04020090. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001736.
Yu, Y., X. T. Feng, C. J. Xu, B. R. Chen, Y. X. Xiao, and G. L. Feng. 2020b. “Spatial fractal structure of microseismic events for different types of rockburst in deeply buried tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (4): 04020025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001631.
Yu, Y., D. X. Geng, L. H. Tong, X. S. Zhao, X. H. Diao, and L. H. Huang. 2018. “Time fractal behavior of microseismic events for different intensities of immediate rock bursts.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 06018016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001221.
Zhang, C. Q., X. T. Feng, H. Zhou, S. Qiu, and W. Wu. 2012. “A top pilot tunnel preconditioning method for the prevention of extremely intense rock-bursts in deep tunnels excavated by TBMs.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (3): 289–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0199-5.
Zhao, J. S., X. T. Feng, Q. Jiang, and Y. Y. Zhou. 2018. “Microseismicity monitoring and failure mechanism analysis of rock masses with weak interlayer zone in underground intersecting chambers: A case study from the Baihetan Hydropower Station, China.” Eng. Geol. 245: 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.08.006.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21 • Issue 11 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 30, 2020
Accepted: May 7, 2021
Published online: Sep 6, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 6, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Tianwei Lan, Zhijia Zhang, Jiawei Sun, Wenqi Zhao, Mancang Zhang, Weidong Jia, Mingwei Liu, Xutao Guo, Regional prediction and prevention analysis of rockburst hazard based on the Gaussian process for binary classification, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10.3389/feart.2022.959232, 10, (2022).
- Yang Yu, Guang-liang Feng, Chang-jie Xu, Bing-rui Chen, Da-xin Geng, Bi-tang Zhu, Quantitative Threshold of Energy Fractal Dimension for Immediate Rock Burst Warning in Deep Tunnel: A Case Study, Lithosphere, 10.2113/2022/1699273, 2021, Special 4, (2022).
- Zhigang Yao, Yong Fang, Tao Yu, Song Pu, Hu Luo, Jian Cui, Jun Wang, Dynamic failure mechanism of tunnel under rapid unloading in jointed rockmass: A case study, Engineering Failure Analysis, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106634, 141, (106634), (2022).
- A. Voza, L. Valguarnera, R. Marrazzo, G. Ascari, D. Boldini, A New In Situ Test for the Assessment of the Rock-Burst Alarm Threshold During Tunnelling, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 10.1007/s00603-022-03152-8, (2022).