Theoretical and Numerical Analyses on Hydro–Thermal–Salt–Mechanical Interaction of Unsaturated Salinized Soil Subjected to Typical Unidirectional Freezing Process
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 7
Abstract
The freezing process of salinized soil is a complex, dynamic, and interactive hydro–thermal–salt–mechanical (HTSM) coupled physical phenomenon. In many recent studies, soil was assumed to be saturated, and the theoretical models established were based on the framework of saturated soil, in which the influence of the vapor phase in freezing soil was neglected. In this paper, by considering the effect of vapor flow on heat movement and the relation between saturation and void ratio, an improved mathematical model will be established based on previous research. This improved hydro–thermal–salt–mechanical (IHTSM) model simulates the dynamic process of water migration, heat transfer, vapor flow, solute transport, and deformation. The numerical simulation implemented by the IHTSM model under the typical conditions of unidirectional freezing will be compared with previous research to verify the model's validity, and the various characteristics of the curves and their physical meaning will be analyzed by comparing them with the previous research. The dynamics of temperature, mass moisture content, displacement, salt content, volumetric vapor content and saturation degree in soil column will be discussed for the salinized soil during the freezing process. The results indicated that this improved model could provide a reference for the destruction process analysis of the harsh geological environment in cold, arid, and saline areas.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support for the study presented in this paper from the Shanghai Sailing Program (Grant No. 19YF1415500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41772303, 42077229) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC1520500).
References
Aitchison, G. D. 1960. “Relationships of moisture stress functions in unsaturated soils.” In Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils Conf., 47–52. Buttherworths: London.
Bear, J. 2013. Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Chelmsford, MA: Courier Corporation.
Benson, C. H., and M. A. Othman. 1993. “Hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay frozen and thawed in situ.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (2): 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(276).
Bishop, A. W. 1959. “The principle of effective stress.” Tekni. Ukeblad I Samarbeide Med Tekni 106 (39): 859–863.
Bresler, E., and G. Dagan. 1981. “Convective and pore scale dispersive solute transport in unsaturated heterogeneous fields.” Water Resour. Res. 17 (6): 1683–1693. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01683.
Campbell, G. S. 1985. Soil physics with BASIC: Transport models for soil-plant systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Chen, Y., M. Shi, and X. Li. 2006. “Experimental investigation on heat, moisture and salt transfer in soil.” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 33 (9): 1122–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.06.013.
Cheng, W.-C., J. C. Ni, A. Arulrajah, and H.-W. Huang. 2018. “A simple approach for characterising tunnel bore conditions based upon pipe-jacking data.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 71: 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.10.002.
Cheng, W.-C., J. C. Ni, H.-W. Huang, and J. S. Shen. 2019. “The use of tunnelling parameters and spoil characteristics to assess soil types: A case study from alluvial deposits at a pipejacking project site.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 78 (4): 2933–2942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1288-4.
Delgado, J. M. P. Q. 2007. “Longitudinal and transverse dispersion in porous media.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 85 (9): 1245–1252. https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd07017.
Everett, D. H. 1961. “The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids.” Trans. Faraday Soc. 57: 1541–1551. https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9615701541.
Feng, R., L. Wu, and B. Wang. 2020. “Numerical simulation for temperature field and salt heave influential depth estimation in sulfate saline soil highway foundations.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (10): 04020196. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001843.
Fisseha, B., R. Bryan, and P. Simms. 2010. “Evaporation, unsaturated flow, and salt accumulation in multilayer deposits of “paste” gold tailings.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (12): 1703–1712. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000367.
Fox, P. J., and J. Lee. 2008. “Model for consolidation-induced solute transport with nonlinear and nonequilibrium sorption.” Int. J. Geomech. 8 (3): 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:3(188).
Gao, J., Y. Lai, M. Zhang, and Z. Feng. 2018. “Experimental study on the water-heat-vapor behavior in a freezing coarse-grained soil.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 128: 956–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.09.080.
Gilpin, R. R. 1980. “A model for the prediction of ice lensing and frost heave in soils.” Water Resour. Res. 16 (5): 918–930. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR016i005p00918.
Harlan, R. L. 1973. “Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil.” Water Resour. Res. 9 (5): 1314–1323. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR009i005p01314.
Henderson-Sellers, B. 1984. “A new formula for latent heat of vaporization of water as a function of temperature.” Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 110 (466): 1186–1190. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046626.
Kim, W. H., and D. E. Daniel. 1992. “Effects of freezing on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 118 (7): 1083–1097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:7(1083).
Konrad, J.-M., and N. R. Morgenstern. 1980. “A mechanistic theory of ice lens formation in fine-grained soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 17 (4): 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1139/t80-056.
Lai, Y., W. Pei, M. Zhang, and J. Zhou. 2014. “Study on theory model of hydro-thermal–mechanical interaction process in saturated freezing silty soil.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 78: 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.035.
Lai, Y., D. Wu, and M. Zhang. 2017. “Crystallization deformation of a saline soil during freezing and thawing processes.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 120: 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.011.
Li, S., M. Zhang, W. Pei, and Y. Lai. 2018. “Experimental and numerical simulations on heat-water-mechanics interaction mechanism in a freezing soil.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 132: 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.061.
Lovell, C. 1957. “Temperature effects on phase composition and strength of partially-frozen soil.” Highway Res. Board Bull. (168):74–95.
Nassar, I. N., and R. Horton. 1989. “Water transport in unsaturated nonisothermal salty soil: II. Theoretical development.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53 (5): 1330–1337. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300050005x.
Nicolsky, D. J., V. E. Romanovsky, and G. G. Panteleev. 2009. “Estimation of soil thermal properties using in-situ temperature measurements in the active layer and permafrost.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 55 (1): 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.03.003.
O’Neill, K., and R. D. Miller. 1985. “Exploration of a rigid ice model of frost heave.” Water Resour. Res. 21 (3): 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i003p00281.
Philip, J. R., and D. E. De Vries. 1957. “Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients.” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 38 (2): 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR038i002p00222.
Reddy, K. R., G. Kumar, and R. K. Giri. 2018. “Modeling coupled hydro-bio-mechanical processes in bioreactor landfills: Framework and validation.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (9): 04018102. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001164.
Sakai, M., N. Toride, and J. Šimůnek. 2009. “Water and vapor movement with condensation and evaporation in a sandy column.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73 (3): 707–717. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0094.
Sánchez, M., A. Gens, M. V. Villar, and S. Olivella. 2016. “Fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical double-porosity formulation for unsaturated soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (6): D4016015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000728.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., J. Hu, and I. Konuk. 1999a. “Computational modelling of frost heave induced soil–pipeline interaction: I. Modelling of frost heave.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 29 (3): 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(99)00028-2.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., J. Hu, and I. Konuk. 1999b. “Computational modelling of frost heave induced soil–pipeline interaction: II. Modelling of experiments at the Caen test facility.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 29 (3): 229–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(99)00029-4.
Sheng, D., and A.-N. Zhou. 2011. “Coupling hydraulic with mechanical models for unsaturated soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (5): 826–840. https://doi.org/10.1139/t10-109.
Tarantino, A. 2009. “A water retention model for deformable soils.” Géotechnique 59 (9): 751–762. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00118.
Terzaghi, K. 1936. “The shearing resistance of saturated soils and the angle between the planes of shear.” In Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 54–56. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
van Genuchten, M. T. 1980. “A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44 (5): 892–898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x.
Wu, Y., Y. Xu, X. Zhang, Y. Lu, G. Chen, X. Wang, and B. Song. 2021. “Experimental study on vacuum preloading consolidation of landfill sludge conditioned by Fenton’s reagent under varying filter pore size.” Geotext. Geomembr. 49 (1): 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.09.008.
Xu, X., J. Wang, and L. Zhang. 2001. Physics of frozen soil. Beijing: Science Publish House.
Yin, X., E. Liu, B. Song, and D. Zhang. 2018. “Numerical analysis of coupled liquid water, vapor, stress and heat transport in unsaturated freezing soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 155: 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.07.008.
Zagorščak, R., M. Sedighi, and H. R. Thomas. 2017. “Effects of thermo-osmosis on hydraulic behavior of saturated clays.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (3): 04016068. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000742.
Zeng, Y., Z. Su, L. Wan, and J. Wen. 2011. “Numerical analysis of air-water-heat flow in unsaturated soil: Is it necessary to consider airflow in land surface models?” J. Geophys. Res. 116 (D20): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015835.
Zhang, C., L. Li, and D. Lockington. 2014. “Numerical study of evaporation-induced salt accumulation and precipitation in bare saline soils: Mechanism and feedback.” Water Resour. Res. 50 (10): 8084–8106. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015127.
Zhang, J., Y. Lai, J. Li, and Y. Zhao. 2020. “Study on the influence of hydro-thermal-salt-mechanical interaction in saturated frozen sulfate saline soil based on crystallization kinetics.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 146: 118868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118868.
Zhang, S., J. Teng, Z. He, and D. Sheng. 2016. “Importance of vapor flow in unsaturated freezing soil: A numerical study.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 126: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.011.
Zhang, X., Q. Wang, G. Wang, W. Wang, H. Chen, and Z. Zhang. 2017. “A study on the coupled model of hydrothermal-salt for saturated freezing salinized soil.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2017: 4918461. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4918461.
Zhang, X., Q. Wang, T. Yu, G. Wang, and W. Wang. 2018. “Numerical study on the multifield mathematical coupled model of hydraulic-thermal-salt-mechanical in saturated freezing saline soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 04018064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001173.
Zhang, X., Y. Wu, E. Zhai, and P. Ye. 2021. “Coupling analysis of the heat-water dynamics and frozen depth in a seasonally frozen zone.” J. Hydrol. 593: 125603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125603.
Zhang, Y., and R. L. Michalowski. 2015. “Thermal-hydro-mechanical analysis of frost heave and thaw settlement.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001305.
Zhou, J., and D. Li. 2012. “Numerical analysis of coupled water, heat and stress in saturated freezing soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 72: 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.11.006.
Zhou, X., D. Sun, and Y. Xu. 2021. “A new thermal analysis model with three heat conduction layers in the nuclear waste repository.” Nucl. Eng. Des 371: 110929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107866.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21 • Issue 7 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 8, 2020
Accepted: Jan 14, 2021
Published online: Apr 28, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Meng Yao, Qing Wang, Qingbo Yu, Jianzhong Wu, Hui Li, Jiaqi Dong, Weitong Xia, Yan Han, Xinlei Huang, Mechanism Study of Differential Permeability Evolution and Microscopic Pore Characteristics of Soft Clay under Saturated Seepage: A Case Study in Chongming East Shoal, Water, 10.3390/w15050968, 15, 5, (968), (2023).
- Feifan Gu, Jianping Chen, Xiaohui Sun, Yongchao Li, Yiwei Zhang, Qing Wang, Comparison of Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Methods in Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment: A Case Study of Changping District, Beijing, Water, 10.3390/w15040705, 15, 4, (705), (2023).
- Gunag Liu, Zhilong Zhang, Zhe Cheng, Ge Hao, Yufeng Hao, Ting Fu, Study on the permeability coefficient model of salinized frozen soil based on unfrozen water content curve, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10.3389/feart.2022.1102748, 10, (2023).
- Yan-zhao Yuan, The study of the separation and deposition of dredging soil slurry under physical disturbance, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0281708, 18, 3, (e0281708), (2023).
- Yan Han, Qing Wang, Feature and mechanism analysis of dispersive soil disintegration impacted by soil water content, density, and salinity, European Journal of Soil Science, 10.1111/ejss.13353, 74, 2, (2023).
- Xudong Zhang, Changjian Shu, Yajun Wu, Peng Ye, Dewei Du, Advances of coupled water-heat-salt theory and test techniques for soils in cold and arid regions: A review, Geoderma, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116378, 432, (116378), (2023).
- Yang Xu, Yajun Wu, Xudong Zhang, Guang Chen, Yunda Zhang, Jiawei Ji, Anti-clogging mechanism of freeze-thaw combined with step vacuum preloading in treating landfill sludge, Environmental Research, 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115059, 218, (115059), (2023).
- Dakshith Ruvin Wijesinghe, Ashley Dyson, Greg You, Manoj Khandelwal, Ean Tat Ooi, Image based probabilistic slope stability analysis of soil layer interface fluctuations with Brownian bridges, Engineering Failure Analysis, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107227, 148, (107227), (2023).
- Chong-liang Luo, Yun-yan Yu, Jing Zhang, Jing-yan Tao, Qing-jie Ou, Wen-hao Cui, Thermal-water-salt coupling process of unsaturated saline soil under unidirectional freezing, Journal of Mountain Science, 10.1007/s11629-022-7652-7, 20, 2, (557-569), (2023).
- Noelia Bazarra, José R. Fernández, Ramón Quintanilla, On the mixtures of MGT viscoelastic solids, Electronic Research Archive, 10.3934/era.2022219, 30, 12, (4318-4340), (2022).
- See more