Abstract

In land reclamation projects, the vacuum preloading method has been widely used to strengthen dredged fills by removing water. However, during the improvement process, clogging inevitably occurs in the drains and soils, hindering water drainage and causing inhomogeneous consolidation results. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect of clogging on the consolidation behavior of dredged slurry at different radii. In this study, analytical solutions are derived under an uneven strain assumption to calculate the consolidation in the clogging zone and the normal zone, with time-dependent discharge capacity and clogging in the soil considered. Results calculated by the proposed solutions indicated that the clogging effect slows down the development of consolidation, reduces the final consolidation degree, and increases the difference between consolidations at different radii. It is found that the influence of the clogging effect's varies with the speed of the discharge capacity decay, the value of the initial discharge capacity of the drain, the permeability, and the radius of the clogging zone. Finally, a practical application of the proposed solution is discussed, and the proposed solution is suggested for the calculation of consolidation when treating high-water-content slurry.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFE0119500 and 2016YFC0800200), the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (Grant No. 51620105008), the program of the China Scholarships Council (No. 201906320247), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51678319, 51879234 and 51978533), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2016EEM40), and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Marie Skłodowska–Curie Actions Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) (Grant No. 778360).

References

Bao, S. F., Y. Lou, Z. L. Dong, H. H. Mo, P. S. Chen, and R. B. Zhou. 2014. “Causes and countermeasures for vacuum consolidation failure of newly-dredged mud foundation.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 36 (7): 1350–1359. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201407020.
Barron, R. A. 1948. “Consolidation of fine grained soils by drain wells.” Trans. ASCE 113 (118): 324–360.
Basu, D., and M. R. Madhav. 2000. “Effect of prefabricated vertical drain clogging on the rate of consolidation: A numerical study.” Geosynth. Int. 7 (3): 189–215. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.7.0172.
Bergado, D. T., R. Manivannan, and A. S. Balasubramaniam. 1996. “Filtration criteria for prefabricated vertical drain geotextile filter jackets in soft Bangkok clay.” Geosynth. Int. 3 (1): 63–83. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.3.0054.
Cao, Y., J. Xu, X. Bian, and G. Xu. 2019. “Effect of clogging on large strain consolidation with prefabricated vertical drains by vacuum pressure.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 23 (10): 4190–4200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1884-2.
Cao, Y. P., X. S. Wang, L. Du, J. W. Ding, and Y. F. Deng. 2014. “A method of determining nonlinear large strain consolidation parameters of dredged clays.” Water Sci. Eng. 7 (2): 218–226. https://doi.org/10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2014.02.009.
Chai, J., Z. Hong, and S. Shen. 2010. “Vacuum-drain consolidation induced pressure distribution and ground deformation.” Geotext. Geomembr. 28 (6): 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.01.003.
Chai, J. C., H. T. Fu, J. Wang, and S. L. Shen. 2020. “Behaviour of a PVD unit cell under vacuum pressure and a new method for consolidation analysis.” Comput. Geotech. 120: 103415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103415.
Chai, J. C., and N. Miura. 1999. “Investigation of factors affecting vertical drain behavior.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (3): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:3(216).
Cheng, W. Z., Y. F. Guan, and T. Z. Tang. 2010. “Discussion on treatment technology for land reclamation.” [In Chinese.] Soil Eng. Found. 24 (5): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-3152.2010.05.001.
Chu, J., S. W. Yan, and H. Yang. 2000. “Soil improvement by the vacuum preloading method for an oil storage station.” Géotechnique 50 (6): 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.625.
Deng, Y., L. Liu, Y. J. Cui, Q. Feng, X. Chen, and N. He. 2019. “Colloid effect on clogging mechanism of hydraulic reclamation mud improved by vacuum preloading.” Can. Geotech. J. 56 (5): 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0635.
Deng, Y. B., G. B. Liu, B. Indraratna, C. Rujikiatkamjorn, and K. H. Xie. 2017. “Model test and theoretical analysis for soft soil foundations improved by prefabricated vertical drains.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (1): 04016045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000711.
Deng, Y. B., K. H. Xie, M. M. Lu, H. B. Tao, and G. B. Liu. 2013. “Consolidation by prefabricated vertical drains considering the time dependent well resistance.” Geotext. Geomembr. 36: 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.10.003.
Fang, Y., L. Guo, and J. Huang. 2019. “Mechanism test on inhomogeneity of dredged fill during vacuum preloading consolidation.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 37 (8): 1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1522398.
Fu, H., Y. Cai, J. Wang, and P. Wang. 2017. “Experimental study on the combined application of vacuum preloading–variable-spacing electro-osmosis to soft ground improvement.” Geosynth. Int. 24 (1): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.16.00016.
Geng, X., B. Indraratna, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2012. “Analytical solutions for a single vertical drain with vacuum and time-dependent surcharge preloading in membrane and membraneless systems.” Int. J. Geomech. 12 (1): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000106.
Ghosh, C., and K. Yasuhara. 2004. “Clogging and flow characteristics of a geosynthetic drain confined in soils undergoing consolidation.” Geosynth. Int. 11 (1): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2004.11.1.19.
Giroud, J. P. 2005. “Quantification of geosynthetic behavior.” Geosynth. Int. 12 (1): 2–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2005.12.1.2.
Hansbo, S. 1981. “Consolidation of fine-grained soils by prefabricated drains.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 677–682. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema.
Hong, Z. S., J. Yin, and Y. J. Cui. 2010. “Compression behaviour of reconstituted soils at high initial water contents.” Géotechnique 60 (9): 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.09.P.059.
Indraratna, B., C. Bamunawita, and H. Khabbaz. 2004. “Numerical modeling of vacuum preloading and field applications.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (6): 1098–1110. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-054.
Kim, R., S. J. Hong, M. J. Lee, and W. Lee. 2011. “Time dependent well resistance factor of PVD.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 29 (2): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2010.525145.
Kjellman, W. 1952. “Consolidation of clay soils by means of atmospheric pressure.” In Proc., Conf. on Soil Stabilization, 258–263. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lei, H., H. Lu, J. Liu, and G. Zheng. 2017. “Experimental study of the clogging of dredger fills under vacuum preloading.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (12): 04017117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001028.
Lin, D. G., and K. T. Chang. 2009. “Three-dimensional numerical modelling of soft ground improved by prefabricated vertical drains.” Geosynth. Int. 16 (5): 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2009.16.5.339.
Liu, J., H. Lei, G. Zheng, H. Zhou, and X. Zhang. 2017. “Laboratory model study of newly deposited dredger fills using improved multiple-vacuum preloading technique.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 9 (5): 924–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.003.
Miura, N., and J. C. Chai. 2000. “Discharge capacity of prefabricated vertical drains confined in clay.” Geosynth. Int. 7 (2): 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.7.0169.
Nguyen, T. T., B. Indraratna, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2016. “An analytical evaluation of radial consolidation with respect to drain degradation.” In Proc. of 6th Int. Conf. - GEOMATE 2016: Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, edited by Z. Hossain and S. Horpibulsuk, 156–161. Mie, Japan: The GEOMATE International Society.
Ni, P., K. Xu, G. Mei, and Y. Zhao. 2019. “Effect of vacuum removal on consolidation settlement under a combined vacuum and surcharge preloading.” Geotext. Geomembr. 47 (1): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.09.004.
Peng, J., R. Jiang, and Y. M. Tian. 2018. “Rigorous axially symmetric consolidation solution of vacuum combined linear loading surcharge preloading.” J. Donghua Univ. 33 (4): 279–284. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5220.2018.04.001.
Saowapakpiboon, J., D. T. Bergado, P. Voottipruex, L. G. Lam, and K. Nakakuma. 2011. “PVD improvement combined with surcharge and vacuum preloading including simulations.” Geotext. Geomembr. 29 (1): 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.008.
Sharma, J. S., and D. Xiao. 2000. “Characterization of a smear zone around vertical drains by large-scale laboratory tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 37 (6): 1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-050.
Shen, J. 2018. Laboratory model test of vacuum preloading on dredged clays at high initial water content. [In Chinese.] Nanjing, China: Southeast Univ.
Tang, M., and J. Q. Shang. 2000. “Vacuum preloading consolidation of Yaoqiang airport runway.” Géotechnique 50 (6): 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.613.
Tang, T. Z., J. Q. Huang, Y. F. Guan, H. B. Chen, and W. Z. Cheng. 2010. “Experimental study on dredged fill sludge improved by vacuum preloading.” [In Chinese.] Port Waterway Eng. 440: 115–122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-4972.2010.04.027.
Tian, Y., W. Wu, G. Jiang, M. H. El Naggar, G. Mei, and P. Ni. 2019. “Analytical solutions for vacuum preloading consolidation with prefabricated vertical drain based on elliptical cylinder model.” Comput. Geotech. 116: 103202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103202.
Venda Oliveira, P. J. 2013. “A formula to predict the effect of the variable discharge capacity of prefabricated vertical drains.” Geosynth. Int. 20 (6): 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.13.00028.
Wang, J., Y. Cai, H. Fu, X. Hu, Y. Cai, H. Lin, and W. Zheng. 2018. “Experimental study on a dredged fill ground improved by a two-stage vacuum preloading method.” Soils Found. 58 (3): 766–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.02.028.
Wang, J., Y. Cai, J. Ma, J. Chu, H. Fu, P. Wang, and Y. Jin. 2016. “Improved vacuum preloading method for consolidation of dredged clay-slurry fill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (11): 06016012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001516.
Wang, J., J. Ni, Y. Cai, H. Fu, and P. Wang. 2017. “Combination of vacuum preloading and lime treatment for improvement of dredged fill.” Eng. Geol. 227: 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.013.
Wang, P., Y. Han, Y. Zhou, J. Wang, Y. Cai, F. Xu, and H. Pu. 2020. “Apparent clogging effect in vacuum-induced consolidation of dredged soil with prefabricated vertical drains.” Geotext. Geomembr. 48 (4): 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.02.010.
Wang, S., P. Ni, Z. Chen, and G. Mei. 2019. “Consolidation solution of soil around a permeable pipe pile.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 38 (9): 1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1655119.
Yoshikuni, H., and H. Nakanodo. 1974. “Consolidation of soils by vertical drain wells with finite permeability.” Soils Found. 14 (2): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.14.2_35.
Zeng, L. L., Z. S. Hong, and Y. J. Cui. 2016. “Time-dependent compression behaviour of dredged clays at high water contents in China.” Appl. Clay Sci. 123: 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.039.
Zhan, X. J., W. A. Lin, L. T. Zhan, and Y. M. Chen. 2015. “Field implementation of FeCl3-conditioning and vacuum preloading for sewage sludge disposed in a sludge lagoon: A case study.” Geosynth. Int. 22 (4): 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00015.
Zhou, Y., and J. C. Chai. 2017. “Equivalent “smear” effect due to non-uniform consolidation surrounding a PVD.” Géotechnique 67 (5): 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.087.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to International Journal of Geomechanics
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21Issue 1January 2021

History

Received: Feb 26, 2020
Accepted: Aug 23, 2020
Published online: Nov 2, 2020
Published in print: Jan 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 2, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Ph.D. Candidate, Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7199-7862. Email: [email protected]
Yuanqiang Cai, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China; Professor, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Univ. of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China. Email: [email protected]
Honglei Sun [email protected]
Professor, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Univ. of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Univ. of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK. Email: [email protected]
Associate Professor, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Univ. of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9267-2063. Email: [email protected]
Xiaodong Pan [email protected]
Associate Professor, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Univ. of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share