Estimation of Transient Forces in Single Pile Embedded in Liquefiable Soil
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 9
Abstract
During the transient phase of liquefaction, i.e., from the onset of liquefaction to the stage of full liquefaction of soil, intrinsic properties of a soil–pile–structure system change causing a significant modification of the transient forces experienced by the pile foundation. However, adequate estimation of transient forces of pile foundation in liquefiable soils for different strong ground motions is not well established. Three-dimensional fully coupled dynamic analyses have been carried out using software OpenSees for piles embedded in single and two-layer soil profiles. Variable permeability of saturated sand has been implemented for higher accuracy in the simulation of cyclic behavior of sand during liquefaction. It was observed that maximum forces in the pile section occur in the transient phase with excess pore pressure ratio in the range of 0.50–0.75 for uniform soil and 0.60–0.90 for layered soil profiles for earthquake motions considered. This study presents the maximum transient forces expected in the pile section in nondimensional forms for a wide range of strong motion parameters, for example, predominant frequency, peak ground acceleration, bracketed duration, and Arias intensity.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The first author acknowledges the financial support provided by MHRD, Govt. of India. The second author acknowledges the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, for providing financial assistance for the research (Project No. MoES/P.O.(Seismo)/1(303)/2017). The authors are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their comments to improve the manuscript.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- D
- diameter of the pile (m);
- Dr
- relative density of sand;
- Ia
- arias intensity (m/s);
- kb
- permeability coefficient during excitation (m/s);
- ki
- initial permeability coefficient of soil (m/s);
- L
- length of the pile (m);
- Mmax
- maximum moment;
- Mp
- plastic yield moment capacity of pile (kN/m2);
- ru
- excess pore pressure ratio;
- ru,max
- maximum excess pore pressure ratio;
- Vc
- shear carrying capacity of pile (kN/m2);
- Vmax
- maximum shear force; and
- yc
- maximum horizontal pile head displacement.
References
AASHTO. 2010. AASHTO guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ancheta, T. D., et al. 2014. “NGA-West2 database.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (3): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1193/070913EQS197M.
Arulanandan, K., and J. Sybico. 1993. “Post-liquefaction settlement of sands.” In Proc., Wroth Memorial Symp., 94–110. London: Thomas Telford.
Balakrishnan, A. 2000. Liquefaction remediation at a bridge site. Davis, CA: University of California.
Bardet, J. P., Q. Huang, and S. W. Chi. 1993. “Numerical prediction for model no. 1.” In Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems, edited by K. Arulanandan, and R. F. Scott, 67–86. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Bhattacharya, S., K. Tokimatsu, K. Goda, R. Sarkar, M. Shadlou, and M. Rouholamin. 2014. “Collapse of Showa Bridge during 1964 Niigata earthquake: A quantitative reappraisal on the failure mechanisms.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 65: 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.05.004.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Structures in seismic regions—Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures, and geotechnical aspects. EN1998-5 Eurocode 8. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chan, A. H. C., O. O. Famiyesin, and D. M. Wood. 1993. “Numerical prediction for model no. 1.” In Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems, edited by K. Arulanandan, and R. F. Scott, 87–108. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Dammala, P. K., M. Rouholamin, G. Nikitas, S. Bhattacharya, M. K. Adapa, and P. Mohanty. 2017. “Bending response of pile foundations during partial liquefaction.” In Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., 1–14. New Delhi, India: Indian Geotechnical Society. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000306.
Dashti, S., J. D. Bray, J. M. Pestana, M. Riemer, and D. Wilson. 2010. “Centrifuge testing to evaluate and mitigate liquefaction-induced building settlement mechanisms.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (7): 918–929. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000306.
Ebeido, A., A. Elgamal, K. Tokimatsu, and A. Abe. 2019. “Pile and pile-group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in four large-scale shake-table experiments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (10): 04019080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142.
Finn, W. D. L., and N. Fujita. 2002. “Piles in liquefiable soils: Seismic analysis and design issues.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 22 (9–12): 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00094-5.
Ghasemi Fare, O., A. Rahmani, and A. Pak. 2011. “Numerical simulation of soil settlement in liquefiable grounds.” In Proc., Pan-American CGS Geotechnical Conf., 1–7. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Haldar, S., and G. L. S. Babu. 2010. “Failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefiable soil: Parametric study.” Int. J. Geomech. 10 (2): 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2010)10:2(74).
Jafarzadeh, F., and E. Yanagisawa. 1995. “Settlement of sand models under unidirectional shaking.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 693–698. Brookfield, Northlands: A.A. Balkema.
Jiménez, G. A. L., D. Dias, and O. Jenck. 2019. “Effect of layered liquefiable deposits on the seismic response of soil-foundations-structure systems.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 124: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.026.
Karimi, Z., and S. Dashti. 2016. “Numerical and centrifuge modeling of seismic soil–foundation–structure interaction on liquefiable ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (1): 04015061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001346.
Kramer, S. L. 1996. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kuhlemeyer, R. L., and J. Lysmer. 1973. “Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems.” J. Soil Dyn. Div. 99: 421–427.
Liyanapathirana, D. S., and H. G. Poulos. 2005. “Seismic lateral response of piles in liquefying soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (12): 1466–1479. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:12(1466).
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. Opensees command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center.
Meera, R. S., K. Shanker, and P. K. Basudhar. 2007. “Flexural response of piles under liquefied soil conditions.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 25 (4): 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-9118-z.
Mokhtar, A. S. A., M. A. Abdel-Motaal, and M. M. Wahidy. 2014. “Lateral displacement and pile instability due to soil liquefaction using numerical model.” Ain Shams Eng. J. 5 (4): 1019–1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.05.002.
Murthy, V. N. S. 2007. Advanced foundation engineering. Chennai, India: CBS Publishers & Distributors.
Orense, R. P. 2005. “Assessment of liquefaction potential based on peak ground motion parameters.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 25 (3): 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.10.013.
Phanikanth, V. S., D. Choudhury, and G. R. Reddy. 2013. “Behavior of single pile in liquefied deposits during earthquakes.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (4): 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000224.
Rahmani, A., and A. Pak. 2012. “Dynamic behavior of pile foundations under cyclic loading in liquefiable soils.” Comput. Geotech. 40: 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.002.
Reese, L. C., and H. Matlock. 1956. “Non-dimensional solutions for laterally-loaded piles with soil modulus assumed proportional to depth.” In Proc., 8th Texas Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1–41. Dallas: Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors.
Rouholamin, M. 2016. “An experimental investigation of transient dynamics of pile-supported structures in liquefiable soils.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Surrey.
Saeedi, M., M. Dehestani, I. Shooshpasha, G. Ghasemi, and B. Saeedi. 2018. “Numerical analysis of pile-soil system under seismic liquefaction.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 94: 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.07.031.
Sarkar, R., and B. K. Maheshwari. 2012. “Effects of separation on the behavior of soil-pile interaction in liquefiable soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 12 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000074.
Shahir, H., B. Mohammadi-Haji, and A. Ghassemi. 2014. “Employing a variable permeability model in numerical simulation of saturated sand behavior under earthquake loading.” Comput. Geotech. 55: 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.007.
Su, D., and X. S. Li. 2006. “Effect of shaking intensity on seismic response of single-pile foundation in liquefiable soil.” In Ground Modification and Seismic Mitigation, Geotechnical Special Publication 152, edited by A. Porbaha, S.-L. Shen, J. Wartman, and J.-C. Chai, 379–386. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Su, L., L. Tang, X. Z. Ling, N. P. Ju, and X. Gao. 2015. “Responses of reinforced concrete pile group in two-layered liquefied soils: Shake-table investigations.” J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 16 (2): 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1400093.
Taiebat, M., H. Shahir, and A. Pak. 2007. “Study of pore pressure variation during liquefaction using two constitutive models for sand.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 27 (1): 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.03.004.
Wang, X., A. Ye, Y. Shang, and L. Zhou. 2019. “Shake-table investigation of scoured RC pile-group-supported bridges in liquefiable and nonliquefiable soils.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (11): 1217–1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3186.
Wilson, D. W. 1998. “Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Yao, S., K. Kobayashi, N. Yoshida, and H. Matsuo. 2004. “Interactive behavior of soil–pile-superstructure system in transient state to liquefaction by means of large shake table tests.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 24 (5): 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.12.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 23, 2019
Accepted: Apr 24, 2020
Published online: Jun 30, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 30, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.