Fracture Modes of Single-Flawed Rock-Like Material Plates Subjected to Dynamic Compression
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 9
Abstract
Knowledge of fracture process is critical for understanding rock failure mechanisms. In this study, the fracture behavior of single-flawed rock-like material plates made of mortar was investigated using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system. The transient fracture process was recorded by an ultra-high-speed camera system in combination with the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The experimental result reveals that the dynamic strength is more sensitive to the loading rate for specimens with lower flaw angles. Through quantitative analysis of the displacement evolution along the fracture trajectory, four fracture modes were proposed: pure tensile mode (T-mode), pure shear mode (S-mode), tensile dominated mode (Ts-mode), and shear-dominated mode (St-mode). Moreover, it was recognized that the fracture mode is mainly controlled by the fracture angle. As the fracture angle increases, the shear component increases while the tension component diminishes. The results of this study can shed light on the fracture behavior of flawed rocks subjected to dynamic loading.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
All the authors acknowledge the financial support for the research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51709200 and 51879184) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No. 18JCQNJC08100).
References
Anders, M. H., S. E. Laubach, and C. H. Scholz. 2014. “Microfractures: A review.” J. Struct. Geol. 69: 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.05.011.
Bobet, A. 2000. “The initiation of secondary cracks in compression.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 66 (2): 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(00)00009-6.
Bobet, A., and H. H. Einstein. 1998. “Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 35 (7): 863–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00005-9.
Cao, P., T. Y. Liu, C. Z. Pu, and H. Lin. 2015. “Crack propagation and coalescence of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing cracks in compression.” Eng. Geol. 187: 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.010.
Chen, R., K. Xia, F. Dai, F. Lu, and S. N. Luo. 2009. “Determination of dynamic fracture parameters using a semi-circular bend technique in split Hopkinson pressure bar testing.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 76 (9): 1268–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.02.001.
Fan, Z. Q., Z.-H. Jin, and S. E. Johnson. 2014. “Oil-gas transformation induced subcritical crack propagation and coalescence in petroleum source rocks.” Int. J. Fracture 185 (1–2): 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-013-9901-9.
Feng, P., F. Dai, Y. Liu, and H. b. Du. 2018. “Mechanical behaviors of rock-like specimens with two non-coplanar fissures subjected to coupled static-dynamic loads.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 199: 692–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.07.009.
Gao, G., W. Yao, K. Xia, and Z. Li. 2015. “Investigation of the rate dependence of fracture propagation in rocks using digital image correlation (DIC) method.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 138: 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.02.021.
Gorum, T., X. M. Fan, C. J. van Westen, R. Q. Huang, Q. Xu, C. Tang, and G. H. Wang. 2011. “Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.” Geomorphology 133 (3–4): 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.030.
Haeri, H., K. Shahriar, M. F. Marji, and P. Moarefvand. 2014. “Experimental and numerical study of crack propagation and coalescence in pre-cracked rock-like disks.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 67: 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.01.008.
Hao, R., P. Cao, Y. Chen, J. Jin, H. Wang, and X. Fan. 2018. “Mechanical and propagating behaviors of single-flawed rock samples with hydraulic pressure and uniaxial compression conditions.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 04018078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001176.
Huang, J., G. Chen, Y. Zhao, and R. Wang. 1990. “An experimental study of the strain field development prior to failure of a marble plate under compression.” Tectonophysics 175 (1–3): 269–284.
Huang, S., N. Yao, Y. Ye, and X. Cui. 2019. “Strength and failure characteristics of rocklike material containing a large-opening crack under uniaxial compression: Experimental and numerical studies.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (8): 04019098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001477.
Jiang, C., G.-F. Zhao, J. B. Zhu, Y.-X. Zhao, and L. M. Shen. 2016. “Investigation of dynamic crack coalescence using a gypsum-like 3D printing material.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (10): 3983–3998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0967-3.
Jin, Z.-H., S. E. Johnson, and Z. Q. Fan. 2010. “Subcritical propagation and coalescence of oil-filled cracks: Getting the oil out of low-permeability source rocks.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 37: L01305.
Lajtai, E. Z. 1974. “Brittle fracture in compression.” Int J Fracture 10 (4): 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155255.
Lajtai, E. Z. 1971. “A theoretical and experimental evaliation of the Griffith theory of brittle fracture.” Tectonophysics 11 (2): 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(71)90060-6.
Lee, H., and S. Jeon. 2011. “An experimental and numerical study of fracture coalescence in pre-cracked specimens under uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 48 (6): 979–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.12.001.
Li, D. Y., Q. Q. Zhu, Z. L. Zhou, X. B. Li, and P. G. Ranjith. 2017. “Fracture analysis of marble specimens with a hole under uniaxial compression by digital image correlation.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 183: 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.05.035.
Li, H. Q., and L. N. Y. Wong. 2012. “Influence of flaw inclination angle and loading condition on crack initiation and propagation.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 49 (18): 2482–2499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.05.012.
Li, X. B., T. Zhou, and D. Y. Li. 2016. “Dynamic strength and fracturing behavior of single-flawed prismatic marble specimens under impact loading with a split-Hopkinson pressure bar.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (1): 29–44.
Morgan, S. P., C. A. Johnson, and H. H. Einstein. 2013. “Cracking processes in Barre granite: Fracture process zones and crack coalescence.” Int. J. Fracture 180 (2): 177–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-013-9810-y.
Park, C. H., and A. Bobet. 2010. “Crack initiation, propagation and coalescence from frictional flaws in uniaxial compression.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 77 (14): 2727–2748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2010.06.027.
Scholz, C. H. 1998. “Earthquakes and friction laws.” Nature 391 (6662): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/34097.
Shen, B. T., O. Stephansson, H. H. Einstein, and B. Ghahreman. 1995. “Coalescence of fractures under shear stresses in experiments.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 100 (B4): 5975–5990. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00040.
Wang, D.-J., H. M. Tang, D. Elsworth, and C. Y. Wang. 2019. “Fracture evolution in artificial bedded rocks containing a structural flaw under uniaxial compression.” Eng. Geol. 250: 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.01.011.
Wong, L. N. Y., and H. H. Einstein. 2009a. “Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and carrara marble: Part 1. Macroscopic observations and interpretation.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 42 (3): 475–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0002-4.
Wong, L. N. Y., and H. H. Einstein. 2009b. “Systematic evaluation of cracking behavior in specimens containing single flaws under uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 46 (2): 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.03.006.
Xia, K. W., and W. Yao. 2015. “Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar system – A review.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 7 (1): 27–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.07.008.
Yang, S. Q., Y. H. Dai, L. J. Han, and Z. Q. Jin. 2009. “Experimental study on mechanical behavior of brittle marble samples containing different flaws under uniaxial compression.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 76 (12): 1833–1845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.04.005.
Yang, S.-Q., Y.-H. Huang, and P. G. Ranjith. 2018. “Failure mechanical and acoustic behavior of brine saturated-sandstone containing two pre-existing flaws under different confining pressures.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 193: 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.02.021.
Yang, S.-Q., and H.-W. Jing. 2011. “Strength failure and crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing a single fissure under uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Fracture 168 (2): 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-010-9576-4.
Yang, S.-Q., H.-W. Jing, and S.-Y. Wang. 2012a. “Experimental investigation on the strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (4): 583–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0208-8.
Yang, S.-Q., X.-R. Liu, and H.-W. Jing. 2013. “Experimental investigation on fracture coalescence behavior of red sandstone containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 63: 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.06.008.
Yang, S. Q., D. S. Yang, H. W. Jing, Y. H. Li, and S. Y. Wang. 2012b. “An experimental study of the fracture coalescence behaviour of brittle sandstone specimens containing three fissures.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (4): 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0206-x.
Yin, P., R. H. C. Wong, and K. T. Chau. 2014. “Coalescence of two parallel pre-existing surface cracks in granite.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 68: 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.02.011.
Zhang, P.-Z., P. Molnar, and X. Xu. 2007. “Late quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.” Tectonics 26 (5): TC5010. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002014.
Zhang, X.-P., and L. N. Y. Wong. 2014. “Displacement field analysis for cracking processes in bonded-particle model.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 73 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0496-1.
Zhao, C., Y. M. Zhou, C. F. Zhao, and C. Bao. 2018. “Cracking processes and coalescence modes in rock-like specimens with two parallel pre-existing cracks.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51 (11): 3377–3393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1525-y.
Zhao, Y. L., L. Y. Zhang, W. J. Wang, C. Z. Pu, W. Wan, and J. Z. Tang. 2016. “Cracking and stress–strain behavior of rock-like material containing two flaws under uniaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (7): 2665–2687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0932-1.
Zheng, G., H. Wang, T. J. Wright, Y. Lou, R. Zhang, W. X. Zhang, C. Shi, J. F. Huang, and N. Wei. 2017. “Crustal deformation in the India-Eurasia collision zone from 25 years of GPS measurements.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 122 (11): 9290–9312. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014465.
Zhou, P., and K. E. Goodson. 2001. “Subpixel displacement and deformation gradient measurement using digital image/speckle correlation (DISC).” Opt. Eng. 40 (8): 1613–1620. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1387992.
Zhou, Y.-Y., D.-P. Xu, G.-K. Gu, K. Liu, L.-P. Wan, T.-L. Wang, and J.-B. Yang. 2019. “The failure mechanism and construction practice of large underground caverns in steeply dipping layered rock masses.” Eng. Geol. 250: 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.01.006.
Zou, C. J., and L. N. Y. Wong. 2014. “Experimental studies on cracking processes and failure in marble under dynamic loading.” Eng. Geol. 173: 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.02.003.
Zou, C. J., L. N. Y. Wong, and Y. Cheng. 2012. “The strength and crack behavior of the rock-like gypsum under high strain rate.” In Proc., 46th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symp., Paper no. 338. Chicago: ARMA (American Rock Mechanics Association).
Zou, C. J., L. N. Y. Wong, J. J. Loo, and B. S. Gan. 2016. “Different mechanical and cracking behaviors of single-flawed brittle gypsum specimens under dynamic and quasi-static loadings.” Eng. Geol. 201: 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.014.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 9 • September 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 25, 2019
Accepted: Mar 24, 2020
Published online: Jun 17, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.