Shear Behavior of Rough Rock Joints Reinforced by Bolts
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 18, Issue 1
Abstract
The shear response of rock joints under bolt reinforcement is important for supporting the design of a jointed rock mass. This paper aims to investigate the shear behavior of bolted rock joints with different roughness. Direct shear tests on both bolted and unbolted artificial joint specimens were conducted under various normal stresses. Before shear tests, three kinds of roughnesses for joints were created by split tests, and the roughnesses were quantitatively evaluated by a three-dimensional morphology scanner. After shear tests, the results showed that the bolt deformation decreased with increasing normal stress and increased with increasing roughness. Furthermore, the shear stiffness of the bolted joint specimens was, without exception, greater than that of unbolted specimens. Compared with those of unbolted specimens, the peak shear strength and the residual shear strength of bolted joint specimens with different roughnesses were improved to different degrees. Using the Coulomb failure criterion to linearly fit the shear strength and the applied normal stress, the equivalent cohesion and friction angle of the bolted joint specimens were found to have evident improvements compared with those of unbolted joint specimens. The increment rate of the equivalent cohesion of the bolted specimens increased with increasing roughness, whereas that of the equivalent friction angle decreased with increasing roughness.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51679173); the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2016CFA083); and the Key Project of application development plan of Chongqing City, China (No. cstc2014yykfB30003). This support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Bahaaddini, M., Hagan, P., Mitra, R., and Hebblewhite, B. (2016). “Numerical study of the mechanical behavior of nonpersistent jointed rock masses.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015035.
Barton, N., and Choubey, V. (1977). “The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice.” Rock Mech.,10(1–2), 1–54.
Beer, A. J., Stead, D., and Coggan, J. S. (2002). “Estimation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) by visual comparison.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,35(1), 65–74.
Bjurstrom, S. S. (1974). “Shear strength of hard rock joints reinforced by grouted untensioned bolts.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. ISRM congress,Denver, CO, 1194–1199.
Chappell, B. (1989). “Rock bolts and shear stiffness in jointed rock masses.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 179–197.
Chen, N., Kemeny, J., Jiang, Q. H., and Pan, Z. W. (2017). “Automatic extraction of blocks from 3D point clouds of fractured rock.” Comput. Geosci.,109(Dec), 149–161.
Ferrero, A. M. (1995). “The shear strength of reinforced rock joints.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr.,32(6), 595–605.
FLAC3D [Computer software]. Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis.
Fu, H., Jiang, Z., and Li, H. (2011). “Physical modeling of compressive behaviors of anchored rock masses.” Int. J. Geomech., 186–194.
Ge, Y., Tang, H., Ez Eldin, M., Wang, L., Wu, Q., and Xiong, C. (2017). “Evolution process of natural rock joint roughness during direct shear tests.” Int. J. Geomech., E4016013.
Gerrard, C. M., and Pande, G. N. (1985). “Numerical modelling of reinforced jointed rock masses I. Theory.” Comput. Geotech.,1(4), 293–318.
Ghazvinian, A. H., Taghichian, A., Hashemi, M., and Mar’ashi, S. A. (2010). “The shear behavior of bedding planes of weakness between two different rock types with high strength difference.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,43(1), 69–87.
Grasselli, G. (2005). “3D behaviour of bolted rock joints: Experimental and numerical study.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.,42(1), 13–24.
Grasselli, G. (2006). “Shear strength of rock joints based on quantified surface description.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,39(4), 295–314.
Grasselli, G., and Egger, P. (2003). “Constitutive law for the shear strength of rock joints based on three-dimensional surface parameters.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.,40(1), 25–40.
ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). (1981). Rock characterization, testing and monitoring: ISRM suggested methods, E. T. Brown, ed.,Pergamon,Oxford, U.K., 3–52.
Jade, S., and Sitharam, T. (2003). “Characterization of strength and deformation of jointed rock mass based on statistical analysis.” Int. J. Geomech., 43–54.
Jaeger, J. C., Cook, N. G. W., and Zimmerman, R. W. (2007). Fundamentals of rock mechanics, 4th Ed.,Blackwell Publishing,Malden, MA.
Jalalifar, H., and Aziz, N. (2010). “Experimental and 3D numerical simulation of reinforced shear joints.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,43(1), 95–103.
Jang, H. S., Kang, S. S., and Jang, B. A. (2014). “Determination of joint roughness coefficients using roughness parameters.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,47(6), 2061–2073.
Jiang, Q. H., and Zhou, C. B. (2017). “A rigorous solution for the stability of polyhedral rock blocks.” Comput. Geotech.,90(Oct), 190–201.
Jing, H. W., Yang, S. Q., Zhang, M. L., Xu, G. A., and Chen, K. F. (2014). “An experimental study on anchorage strength and deformation behavior of large-scale jointed rock mass.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol.,43(Jul), 184–197.
Johnston, I., and Lam, T. (1989). “Shear behavior of regular triangular concrete/rock joints—analysis.” Int. J. Geomech., 711–727.
Kulatilake, P. H. S. W., Shou, G., Huang, T. H., and Morgan, R. M. (1995). “New peak shear strength criteria for anisotropic rock joints.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.,32(7), 673–697.
Lin, H., Xiong, Z. Y., Liu, T. Y., Cao, R. H., and Cao, P. (2014). “Numerical simulations of the effect of bolt inclination on the shear strength of rock joints.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.,66(Feb), 49–56.
Marenče, M., and Swoboda, G. (1995). “Numerical model for rock bolts with consideration of rock joint movements.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,28(3), 145–165.
Masoud, R., Ahmad, F., and Pierpaolo, O. (2016). “Practical method for the design of pretensioned fully grouted rockbolts in tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015012.
Patton, F. D. (1966). “Multiple modes of shear failure in rock.” Proc., 1st Congress of Int. Society of Rock Mechanics,Lisbon, Portugal,1, 509–513.
Pellet, F., and Egger, P. (1996). “Analytical model for the mechanical behaviour of bolted rock joints subjected to shearing.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,29(2), 73–97.
Sakurai, S. (2010). “Modeling strategy for jointed rock masses reinforced by rock bolts in tunneling practice.” Acta Geotech.,5(2), 121–126.
Song, H. W., Duan, Y. Y., and Yang, J. (2010). “Numerical simulation on bolted rock joint shearing performance.” Min. Sci. Technol. (China),20(3), 460–465.
Spang, K., and Egger, P. (1990). “Action of fully-grouted bolts in jointed rock and factors of influence.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,23(3), 201–229.
Tang, Z. C., and Wong, L. N. Y. (2016). “New criterion for evaluating the peak shear strength of rockjoints under different contact states.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,49(4), 1191–1199.
Tin, N., Kazem, G., Thanh, T., and Behzad, F. (2016). “Improving rockbolt design in tunnels using topology optimization.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015023.
Tse, R., and Cruden, D. M. (1979). “Estimating joint roughness coefficients.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr.,16(5), 303–307.
Ulusay, R. (2015). The ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 2007–2014,Springer International Publishing,Berlin.
Wei, W., Jiang, Q., and Peng, J. (2017). “New rock bolt model and numerical implementation in numerical manifold method.” Int. J. Geomech., E4016004.
Xiao, W., Xia, C., Wang, W., Du, S., and Deng, R. (2016). “Contact algorithm for determining aperture evolution of rock fracture during shearing.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015070.
Yang, J., Rong, G., Hou, D., Peng, J., and Zhou, C. (2016). “Experimental study on peak shear strength criterion for rock joints.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,49(3), 821–835.
Zhang, X. B., Jiang, Q. H., Chen, N., Wei, W., and Feng, X. X. (2016). “Laboratory investigation on shear behavior of rock joints and a new peak shear strength criterion.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,49(9), 3495–3512.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 18 • Issue 1 • January 2018
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 27, 2017
Accepted: Aug 1, 2017
Published online: Nov 3, 2017
Published in print: Jan 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 3, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.